Alcoholism (multifactoral disease)

Alcoholism (Multi-factorial Disease)
Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Introduction
Alcoholism also referred to as alcohol use disorder is an extensive term used to define any drinking of the drug that leads to either physical or mental health-related problems. It is vital to take into consideration the complex interactions in the genetic environment while discussing the role played by genetic factors in the consumption of alcohol. While the majority of the inborn errors of metabolism disorders are monogenetic, alcoholism is most probably a polygenic multi-factorial sickness whose mode of transmission is yet to be discovered. As a matter of fact, a number of different environmental and genetic factors may be included in the generation of a heterogeneous medical picture of the illness. However, certain environmental factors contribute to the examination of the ‘alcoholic phenotype’ in alcoholism basing on the fact that it is a polygenic multi-factorial illness.
Research has shown that genes are accountable for about half of the alcohol-related illness. In reality, there are some genes that tend to increase or decrease the risk of alcohol-related diseases either directly or indirectly. For instance, it is said that some people, particularly in Asian countries, have a special gene variant that tends to alter their metabolism rate hence making them have symptoms like nausea as well as rapid heartbeat when drunk. For this reason, it is significant for one to avoid alcohol to avoid such illness (Rehm et al.

, 2009). Articles in this field have shown that difference among subgroups is the major genetic factor that affects the development of alcoholism. This implies that different people have varying sets of predisposing genes that make them resist or become vulnerable to alcoholism.
Research on fraternal twins and identical resemblance has allowed researchers to estimate contributions of the environment as well as genetic to the alcoholism risk. It has been evidenced that identical twins tend to share their genetic factors hence getting exposure to environmental factors. On the other hand, fraternal twins share only a portion of genetic variation although they are equally exposed to ecological factors. As a result, it can be said that alcoholism runs in families. Examining evidence for gender differences in transmission patterns, it is clear that women are required to cross a considerable higher threshold as opposed to men before they develop alcoholism. This accounts for lower rates of alcoholism in women. Moreover, it has been established that members of a particular family are at high risk of developing alcoholism in the case where they are of the same sex of alcoholic family member (Athyros et al., 2006). This suggests that dissimilarities in transmission patterns originate from genetic as opposed to cultural effect among family members. These genetic transmission influences are likely to originate from genes activities that are found in Y and x chromosomes or rather from operations influenced by biological dissimilarities between sexes.
The article on molecular genetics that attempts to the major genes involved in alcoholism development has shown that there exist etiological distinct alcoholism subgroups. In this case, it has been established that alcoholism individuals are mostly characterized by antisocial or aggressive personality. This is due to the claim that they carry a particular gene associated with the amplified activity of the ‘neurotransmitter serotonin’ in the brain. For this reason, alcoholism is mostly evidenced in men and rarely in women. This provides a better as well as clear explanation as to why gender differs in alcoholism risk factors. Other explanations suggest that alcoholism difference among males and females is mainly influenced by differing degrees with which each gender experiences a risk factor. This implies that sex should not be confused as one of the risk factors as it is correlated with other processes that influence alcoholism.
Most of the reliable articles have established that alcohol disorder mostly come along with emotional muddles as well as other drug discomforts. Recently Comorbid disorders have been found in almost 80% of clinical members and only 50% of society samples. In many instances, male and female differ to a large extent in their patterns of comorbidity. Women tend to assume higher rates of affective disorders and Comorbid anxiety. However, the male has higher rates of Comorbid threats from other drugs.
Research carried among several adoptees and their families to identify etiological factors that are likely to increase alcoholism risk have found that having an adoptive member in the family affected with alcohol problems increases chances of alcohol abuse among adopted kids whose parents were alcoholics (Grekin et al., 2005). This is mainly found among adoptees in rural areas, implying that environmental factors are less influential particularly in urban areas. Other analyses indicate that environment acts differently among different genders hence influencing the risk of alcoholism as well as other related disorders. Moreover, when we talk about genetic as a risk factor, it is significant for one to realize that genes merely carry some information that directs the structure as well as the synthesis of proteins. Proteins usually fail in control of behaviors that result from alcoholism.
Sex separates in these components may give some comprehension into how the sexual introductions move in the etiology of liquor propensity. For example, instances of incidents linked potential results in adolescent youthful colleagues who are at lofty hazard for liquor oppression because they have alcoholic family separate from teenagers.
Conclusion
Clone research having built up an essential piece of acquired impacts in the etiology of liquor subjugation in men. The certification for inborn effect on liquor subjugation progress in ladies is less obvious, yet the delineation of the composed work is convoluted by two or three methodological. Later examinations endorse an equivalent level of natural impact for men and ladies. Research confirms that gender contrasts live in the courses of action which impact liquor reliance risk or conceivably in the coordinated efforts of qualities adding to liquor oppression chance with other natural or social parts. The examination of sex separates in factors that intercede and change inborn hazard may give suggestions that will help the progress of focused doubt and mediation endeavors.
Current studies have transformed from a compliment to assessing the level of the heritability of liquor misuses to think the variables that affect or can fill in as markers of hereditary responsibility. By perceiving particular qualities and elements that improvement or diminishing threat in individuals with a hereditary danger for liquor abuse, scientists may get an unrivaled valuation for the parts through which natural helplessness prompts the veritable movement of liquor subjugation. After particular qualities are perceived, this data can be joined into epidemiologic examinations to pick if these qualities address the sex contrasts found in the consistency of liquor subjugation and in the instances of comorbidity.
References
Athyros, V. G., Mikhailidis, D. P., Didangelos, T. P., Giouleme, O. I., Liberopoulos, E. N., Karagiannis, A., … & Elisaf, M. S. (2006). Effect of multifactorial treatment on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in metabolic syndrome: a randomized study. Current medical research and opinion, 22(5), 873-883.
Grekin, E. R., Brennan, P. A., & Hammen, C. (2005). Parental alcohol use disorders and child delinquency: the mediating effects of executive functioning and chronic family stress. Journal of studies on alcohol, 66(1), 14-22.
Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., & Patra, J. (2009). Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. The Lancet, 373(9682), 2223-2233.