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Annotated bibliography of feminists

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This paper encompasses an annotated bibliography of feminists who wrote against women oppression from the 18th century, 19th century through the 20th century. The covered feminists wrote against women oppression in Europe, America as well as the Arab World. In the Western World, the feminists largely fought for the equal treatment of women as men. In the Arab World, the issue of female genital mutilation as well as oppressive religion takes center stage. Besides these feminists widely publishing against women oppression, they also facilitate the formation of women liberation movements to liberate women. The criticism by the feminists against women oppression is not received well predominantly since they air their concern in a patriarchal society. In the Western World, the feminists are forced to lose their source of income since they widely publish against women oppression. In the Arab World, the feminists not only laid off from their jobs, but also risk losing their lives from widely publishing against women oppression.

Annotated Bibliography

Coleman, J. (2004). Serendipitous Scholarship: Identifying the author of Alone in the World
(1866). The Turnbull Library Record, 37, 59-67.
This article recounts the life and times of Mary Ann Colclough who was born and died in the 19th century. Mary Ann was a trained as a teacher in London before moving to New Zealand. While in New Zealand, she got married and had two children before her husband died. Mary Ann relied on her teaching skills to earn a living.

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She also doubled as a writer in the dailies to supplement her income. Mary Ann predominantly wrote on topics related to the advocacy of the rights of women. Mary Ann private school in Auckland relied on sponsors to run. She endeavored to implement the educational reformed she had learned during her formative years in London. However, the private school did not receive the support she had envisioned thus the school was closed. Mary Ann moved to Tuakau to practice as a teacher but faced varied challenges. Mary Ann was not only supplanted by the authorities but also appeared in court and was declared bankrupt. Mary Ann later relocated to Melbourne where she centered on public lectures advocating for the rights of women. This article illustrates a woman who devoted her life to the advocacy of women right’s but was faced with numerous challenges particularly from elite men in the society.

Dann, C. (1985). ‘Over the Years’ in Up From Under: Women and Liberation in New Zealand

1970-1985. Wellington: Allen & Unwin.
This article explores the emergence and proliferation of the Women Liberation Movement (WLM). Initially, the WLM begins its operations in New Zealand but gradually grows to attain an international presence. Dann covers the timeframe from 1970 through 1985. The 1970s is marked by activism to promote pub liberation. In the 1970s, women cannot freely partake alcoholic drinks in bars, a phenomenon that WLM gradually manages to reverse. WLM championed for varied women rights in the society. An important woman right that WLM fought for was the right to equal pay. Despite women in New Zealand performing the same job as men, they were under compensated. WLM not only engaged authorities in talks to promote equal pay, but also rallied against employers to promote equal pay for women. The other women right that WLM fought for was for the society to cease viewing women as only homemakers and reproducers. Consequently, WLM championed for the doing away with an advertisement that objectifies women. WLM also championed for the need by society to recognize gay feminism. WLM organized numerous talks on the need by the authorities as well as government to recognize and support lesbians. A breakthrough for WLM is evident in that United Nations offers a platform for feminists to spread their word not only in New Zealand, but also in other countries globally.

Degler, C.N. (Ed.). (1966). ‘Introduction to the Torchbook Edition’ in C.P. Gilman, Women and
Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Revolution. New York: Harper & Row.
Charlotte Anna Perkins was an advocate for women liberation in the American society who was born in the nineteenth century and died in the twentieth century. Charlotte observed that the suppression of women emerged from the economic dependence of women on men. Charlotte maintained that women grew dependent on men not because they were biologically inferior, but because it was a behavior enforced by culture. Charlotte’s advocacy for the liberation of women came at when Industrial Revolution was occurring. People were increasingly moving from rural areas to urban areas. Consequently, functions that were previously by women such as making butter were increasingly being performed by women. Further, women in urban areas were no longer required to have many children since the arable area in towns was limited. Charlotte also maintained that economic dependence of women on men reduced them to roles of reproduction and home making. Therefore, Charlotte observed that the only way to liberate women was through economic emancipation. Although Charlotte emphasized the importance of marriage in society, she argued that marriage should be anchored on common interest and love as opposed to economic dependence. Charlotte plays a critical role in the women movement in that she moves away from advocating for women rights precisely to the economic participation of women.
Deitz, M.G. (1992). ‘Introduction: Debating Simone de Beauvoir’ in Signs: Journal of Women in
Culture and Society, 18(1), 74-88.

This article evaluates a plethora of writings arguing for as well as against Simone de Beauvoir works, especially the Second Sex. Beauvoir is a French feminist who was born and died during the 20th century. She is renowned for writing the Second Sex that advocates for the rights of women. Beauvoir’s definition of a woman was that a woman was considered as the ‘Other’ to man. This definition forms a basis through which Beauvoir believes that society considers women secondary to women. Further, Beauvoir believed in socialism. She contended that socialism would lead the society to consider women as equal to women. Although the Second Sex was well-received in France, the book received a lackluster reception in America and Canada. The Second Sex which was originally written in French was later translated into English for the American and Canadian readership. The translated form of the Second Sex is criticized for eliminating numerous scenes and characters in the original book. Further, the translators dropped a myriad of the philosophy that was the underpinning of the original form of the Second Sex. The Second Sex resonated well with the older generation but experienced lackluster reception amidst the younger generation. This can be understood by the timing at which both audiences were exposed to the book. The original form of the Second Sex reached the older generation at a time when women were considerably oppressed thus the laudable reception. In contrast, the translated form of the Second Sex reached the younger audience during the Cold War and proliferation of capitalism thus the lackluster reception.

el Saadawi, N. (1980). ‘Arab Pioneers of Women’s Liberation’ (Translated by Sherif Hetata) in
The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World. London: Zed Press.
Saadawi is a feminist from the Arab World who was born in the 20th century. Her practice as a doctor in Egypt inspired her writing that criticized the oppression of women. Saadawi was particularly opposed to three elements in the Arab World, namely female genital mutilation, religion, and veiling. Female genital mutilation was very prevalent in Egypt not only among uneducated women but also among educated women that led Saadawi to be circumcised. In her practice as a doctor, Saadawi observes the physical and psychological effects caused by female genital mutilation to women. Consequently, Saadawi writes to criticize this practice particularly prevalent in the Arab World. Saadawi was also opposed to religion and veiling. Although Saadawi was a devout Muslim, she observed that Islam practiced varied practices that fostered the oppression of women. The Arab World is a highly patriarchy society thus women are forced to follow all the rules that are practiced blindly. Saadawi was opposed to veiling in that it limited the ability of women to express themselves through dressing as they deemed fit. Saadawi’s criticism of radical Islam did not augur well with male leaders in the Arab World to the point of risking her life. Saadawi’s writing plays a critical role as a voice against the oppression of women, particularly in the Arab World.
Pedersen, J.S. (2011). Mary Wollstonecraft: a life in past and present: Women’s History Review
20(3): 423-436.

This article evaluates the trends in the biographical studies of Mary Wollstonecraft. Pedersen relies on the account of William Godwin regarding Wollstonecraft life to explain the early life, middle life and the late of Wollstonecraft. Godwin is the author of Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Wollstonecraft formative years are spent in a dysfunctional family. This informs the move by Wollstonecraft to publish widely pushing for the rights of women to be respected. The middle life of Wollstonecraft is spent on a myriad of jobs that agitate Wollstonecraft. She serves as a paid companion as well as a governess. Wollstonecraft has to render services in these jobs not because she liked them, but because she needed income to support her family.

ollstonecraft’s middle life also entails stints of failed marriages. The late life of Wollstonecraft entails moving to London where she primarily relies on writing to earn a living. Wollstonecraft is two-sided in her quest to liberate women. She not only publishes widely about the rights of women, but also endeavors to lead an independent. However, Wollstonecraft is reported to attempt suicide two times because of a cheating husband. This shows that despite her agitation about men oppressing women, she revered men to the extent of attempting to take away her life for not finding an ideal husband.

References

Coleman, J. (2004). Serendipitous Scholarship: Identifying the author of Alone in the World
(1866). The Turnbull Library Record, 37, 59-67.
Dann, C. (1985). ‘Over the Years’ in Up From Under: Women and Liberation in New Zealand
1970-1985. Wellington: Allen & Unwin.
Degler, C.N. (Ed.). (1966). ‘Introduction to the Torchbook Edition’ in C.P. Gilman, Women and
Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Revolution. New York: Harper & Row.
Deitz, M.G. (1992). ‘Introduction: Debating Simone de Beauvoir’ in Signs: Journal of Women in
Culture and Society, 18(1), 74-88.
el Saadawi, N. (1980). ‘Arab Pioneers of Women’s Liberation’ (Translated by Sherif Hetata) in
The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World. London: Zed Press.
Pedersen, J.S. (2011). Mary Wollstonecraft: a life in past and present: Women’s History Review
20(3): 423-436.

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