assignemnt to be re-written

There are multiple treatment options available for children with paediatric flatfoot. However, parents and other care givers should only administer treatment in cases when the child experiences discomfort (Vanore et al., 2004).
Butterworth (2014) notes that the mode of treatment chosen depends on the severity of the problem, the child’s age and the amount of pain related to the same. Upon a successful diagnosis of flatfoot, the next stage ought to involve choice of the best interventions. Unless there are severe deformities, conservative therapies are used as the most appropriate intervention for children below 3 years (McCarthy & Drennan, 2010). For children below 1 year, however, serial casting and manipulation is performed. Casting may also be used in cases where children record mild levels of pain. For severe extents of flatfoot, surgical interventions should be the most appropriate approach. Options in this case include soft tissue, arthroereisis, osteotomies and arthrodesis (Evans, Nicholson & Zakarias, 2009).
Children with flatfeet can also be treated using stretching exercises. The aim of these exercises is to facilitate reduction of pain related to activity or foot tiredness (Evans, Nicholson & Zakarias, 2009).
Another possible treatment option recommended by Morrison et al. (2017) for the treatment of flatfoot is the use of physical therapy. The intervention involves casting if the child has flexible flatfoot with tight heel cords. The major reason behind this physical therapy is to reduce any possible tension that might be present in the cords.

The use of orthoses has also been found to be a useful intervention for children with flatfoot. The shoe inserts are arch supports to relieve pain and fatigue (Morrison et al., 2017). The benefit of this technique is that it might also lengthen the child’s shoe lifespan.
References
Top of Form
Butterworth (2014). A Systematic Approach to Paediatric Flatfoot: What to do and when to do it. Retrieved on June 21, 2018 from http://www.podiatryinstitute.com/pdfs/Update_2010/2010_12.pdf
Evans, A.M., Nicholson, H. & Zakarias, N. (2009). The paediatric flat foot proforma (p-FFP): improved and abrogated following a reproducibility study. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 2(25): 1-8.
McCarthy, J. J., & Drennan, J. C. (2010). Drennan’s the child’s foot and ankle. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. ”

Morrison, S.C., McClymont, J., Price, C. & Nester, C. (2017). Time to revise our dialogue: how flat is the paediatric flatfoot? Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 10(50): 1-2.
Vanore, J.V., Thomas, J.L., Steven, R., Harris, J.E., Mendelson, S.A., Mendicino, R.W., Ktavitz, R.S., Silvani, S.H. & Gassen, S.C. (2004). Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Flatfoot. The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery. 43(6): 341-373.