Cellular Level Alterations In Breast Cancer

Cellular level alterations in breast cancer

Introduction

 Knowledge related to breast cancer has suffered a great advance in the last decade as a result of broad development in techniques related to the study of molecular biology, causing the discovery of numerous concepts related to molecular signage, suppressor genes andOncogenes;that acquire great importance in the development of cancer, especially in breast cancer.

Cariogenesis of breast cancer, process or set of processes through which cancer develops, takes place in close relationship with estrogen, female sex hormone. Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of breast glandular tissue during the menstrual cycle, this translates into hundreds of similar processes throughout life a woman. If during any of these hundreds of processes there is a mutation in the duplicative process of DNA or in a process related to growth factors, it can translate into the development of breast cancer.

Developing

In breast cancer, the tumor cell has control of the production of its own growth factors for which it has specific receptors, causing no exogenous control of its growth. In turn, by means of paracrine secretion, the tumor cell secrets the growth factors to adjacent cells that also have specific receptors to capture these signals;thus promoting the development of a set of tumor cells. Among the most common growth factors used by breast cancer tumor cells are: GHRH, EGF, PDGF, FGF and TGF.

Tumor suppressor genes play an important role in breast cancer development.

The function of these genes is to regulate the proper functioning of the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis or periods of cell reparation to cells that have mutations or alterations. The alteration of these genes produces the lack of control of the cell cycle allowing the proliferation of cells with alterations that can cause cancer.

 The genes whose alterations maintain a high relationship with the appearance of breast cancer: retinoblastoma (is mutated in 30% of breast cancer cases), P53 gene (20-30% (20-30%-Fraumeni), GEN BRCA1 (10-20%), GEN BRCA2 (10-20%), GEN PALB2 (related to hereditary development, 33-58%), GEN P27 (1-2%) and, finally, finally,The SKP2 gene (1-2%).

conclusion

Oncogenes are DNA sequences with the ability to synthesize cancer cells and genes. The Oncogen C-MYC synthesizes a phosphoprotein that acts in proliferation and apoptosis processes;Located on chromosome 8, it is in 15-25% of breast cancers. The Oncogenes D1 and E, are responsible for controlling the passage of the G0 cell to the cell cycle.

 The products of these last two oncogenes inactivate the protein of retinoblastoma canceling its function as a tumor suppressor gene;They are found in 10-20% of breast cancers and new studies suggest that oncogen and could have larger ratios.