CH6 Assignment Coursework Example

6.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1) Using figure 6.1 answer the following
In what organelle does Photosynthesis take place?
Photosynthesis takes place in an organelle known as chloroplast
What substances are used (reactants) to start the process of Photosynthesis?
water and carbon dioxide gas are needed to initiate the photosynthesis process.
What substances are produced at the end (products) of photosynthesis?
In the photosynthesis process oxygen and sugar are produced.
In what organelle does Cellular respiration take place?
Cellular respiration takes place in an organelle known as mitochondria
What substances are used (reactants) to start the process of Cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen are required for any cellular respiration process initiation.
What substances are produced at the end (products) of Cellular respiration?
During a cellular respiration process ATP, carbon dioxide gas and water are produced.
6.2 BREATHING AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
2) How is cellular respiration related to your breathing?
Cellular reparation is the process in which glucose is broken down into water and carbon dioxide gas thereby releasing the much-needed energy for living cells, while breathing refers to the inhalation of oxygen usually through the nose from the atmosphere and exhalation of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The two processes are related because breathing supplies the oxygen needed for respiration and it also ejects the carbon dioxide from the cell respiration process.

6.3
3) Write the summary equation for cellular respiration.
Glucose +Oxygen ———> Carbon Dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ———> 6CO2 + 6H204) Cellular respiration is an exergonic process and can produce up to Thirty-six ATP molecules for each glucose burned.
6.5 CELLS CAPTURE ENERGY FROM ELECTRONS FALLING FROM ORGANIC FUELS TO OXYGEN
5) During cellular respiration, electrons are transferred from glucose to oxygen releasing energy which is used to build ATP.
6) Define the following terms:
a) Oxidation
Oxidation simply refers to a chemical process in which a substance undergoes change by gaining oxygen molecules.
b) Reduction
Reduction refers to a chemical process in which a substance undergoes change by losing oxygen molecules.
c) Redox reaction
A Redox reaction is a process that involves both oxidation and reduction chemical resulting in the transfer of molecules from one substance to another.
7) What role does the coenzyme NAD+ play in cellular respiration?
The coenzyme NAD+ is responsible for picking up an electron from glucose forming NADH
8) NADH delivers the electrons it pulled out of glucose to a string of electron carrier molecules, finally these electrons are accepted by mitochondria.
6.6 STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION: OVERVIEW
9) List the 3 stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis:
Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
10) Where does each of these occur?
a) Glycolysis:
Occurs in the outer part of the organelles in the cytoplasmic fluid.
b) Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
The process occurs inside the mitochondria.
c) Oxidative Phosphorylation
The process occurs inside the mitochondria.
6.7 GLYCOLYSIS
11) What does the term glycolysis mean?
The term refers to the process in which enzymes break down glucose thereby producing energy and pyruvic acid.
12) What is the initial reactant for glycolysis?
Glucose is the initial reactant in the glycolysis process
13) What is the final product?
ATP is the final product
14) How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
Two ATP per glucose.
15) How many NADH is produced in glycolysis?
Two NADH
16) ATP formed in glycolysis is by the process called Oxidative phosphorylation.
17) Explain what happens in the process in question 16.
Oxidative phosphorylation which results in the formation of ATP is as a result of the transfer of electrons from FADH and NADH2 to oxygen by electron carriers in the mitochondria
6.8 PYRUVATE OXIDATION AND THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE (also called Krebs cycle)
18) Pyruvate formed at the end of glycolysis is transported from the cytoplasm to a mitochondrion.
19) In the process of pyruvate oxidation:
A molecule of Carbon dioxide is given off
NAD+ is reduced to NADH
Coenzyme A joins with the two-carbon group to form a molecule of acetyl CoA.
20) The citric acid cycle is often also called as Krebs cycle
21) Where in the mitochondrion does the citric acid cycle occur?
The citric acid cycle happens in the matrix
22) A turn of Krebs cycle begins with the acetyl part of acetyl COA combining with a 4-carbon compound called oxaloacetate already present in the mitochondrion, to form a 6-carbon compound called citric acid.
23) Four number of NADH are produced in each turn of the Citric acid/Krebs cycle.
24) One number of FADH2 are produced in each turn of the Citric acid/Krebs cycle.
25) Two number of CO2 is produced in each turn of the Citric acid/Krebs cycle.
26) One number of ATP are produced in each turn of the Citric acid/Krebs cycle.
27) At the end of glycolysis 1 Glucose breaks down into three number of pyruvates, each pyruvate is changed to acetyl COA during pyruvate oxidation. So, 1 glucose produces three number of Acetyl COA.
28) Each acetyl goes through three (state how many) turns of the citric acid cycle
29) For every glucose that enters cellular respiration two turns (state how many) of citric acid cycle take place.
30) ATP produced in Krebs cycle is by what phosphorylation process?
The ATP produced in the Krebs cycle is by the oxidative phosphorylation process
6.9 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (also called electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)
31) This last stage of cellular respiration uses what 2 processes
Reduction
Oxidation
It occurs in the mitochondria.
32) Name the enzyme complex that synthesizes ATP in this stage.
ATP synthase is the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing ATP in the Oxidative Phosphorylation stage.
33) In the electron transport chain electrons from the shuttle molecules NADH and FADH2 are transported through a series of carrier molecules to Oxygen O2, the final electron acceptor.
34) Oxygen accepts 2 electrons from the transport chain, and 2H+ from the surrounding solution to form water H2O.
35) As the electrons travel down the energy hill (the transport chain) they release energy which is used by the electron carrier complexes to do what?
The released energy is used by the electron carrier complexes to move protons from the matrix via the cytochrome reductase towards the intermembrane space.
36) How does the process of chemiosmosis build ATP?
As the hydrogen ions move through the ATP synthase the ADP turns into ATP in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
37) The ATP production in this stage is by oxidative phosphorylation. (oxidative phosphorylation or substrate level phosphorylation)
6.11 REVIEW:
38) List the number of ATP per glucose produced in each of the following stages
a) Glycolysis: Two
b) Citric acid/Krebs cycle: Two
c) Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis: Thirty-four
39) What is the total yield of ATP per glucose? Thirty-eight
40) What stage of cellular respiration uses oxygen?
The electron transfer chain uses oxygen to extract energy from compounds.
41) CO2 is produced in which 2 stages of cellular respiration?
Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and the citric acid cycle
6.12 FERMENTATION: ANAEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
42) Cellular respiration is as studied in the above sections is aerobic but fermentation is anaerobic. What do the terms aerobic Vs anaerobic signify?
From the cellular respiration studies, the term aerobic refers to a process that requires the presence of oxygen to work, while anaerobic is the absence of oxygen
43) The metabolic pathway that generates energy during fermentation is glycolysis.
44) Fermentation generates a net of two ATP (state the number) per glucose.
45) Name the 2 kinds of fermentation.
The two types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
46) Give 2 examples of cells in which lactic acid fermentation occurs.
Muscle cells
Bacteria cells
47) Alcohol fermentation happens in Yeast a single-celled fungus.
48) List the following for Alcohol fermentation (use fig 6.13B)
a) Starting material:
b) Final end products: (note there are 2)
c) Amount of ATP produced:
d) Amount of NADH produced:
48) List the following for Lactate (also called Lactic acid) fermentation (use fig 6.13A)
a) Starting material:
b) Final end product:
c) Amount of ATP produced:
d) Amount of NADH produced:
49) Define the following
a) Facultative anaerobes:
Facultative anaerobes are organisms with the ability to make Energy (ATP) using the aerobic respiration in the presence of the oxygen gas, they also have the ability of anaerobic respiration in cases where oxygen is absent.
Give 2 examples of Facultative anaerobes
Clostridium.
Bacteroides.
b) Obligate anaerobes:
Obligate anaerobes are organisms that can make energy in the absence of oxygen and exposure to oxygen makes them die shortly after.
Give 2 examples of obligate anaerobes.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Nocardia asteroides.