Conscious From The Behavioral Point Of View

Conscious from the behavioral point of view

Introduction

Before entering the central theme that is the "conscious from the behavioral point of view", I want to give my introduction about the definition of conscious since this itself is important because it is a key or fundamental piece for the given issue , because if we do not know what we are going to talk about we will have no idea how to explain it.

The conscious could be said that it is associated with consciousness, which is the psychic act through which a subject perceives himself in the world. Consciousness is the momentary quality that characterizes external and internal perceptions within the set of psychic phenomena. Learning to distinguish between consciousness and what you are aware of is very important because it will allow you to make the cognitive container bigger (Siegel, 2020). According to its founder Watson, J. (1924/196), behaviorism is a natural science that is thrown into the field of human adaptations and their interaction is based on the individual. For another Skinner (1974/1977), it is a philosophy of behavior, which defines several essential aspects in its object of study.

It is that Watson tried to demonstrate that all psychological phenomena, including the unconscious motivations that Freud spoke, are the result of conditioning (Rilling, 2000). Watson (1913) states that psychology as a behavioral sees it is: “… a purely objective and experimental branch of natural science.

Its theoretical objective is prediction and behavior control. Introspection is not an essential part of his methods … Behaviorism … noreco knows a dividing line between man and animal. The behavior of man with all the refinement and complexity of it, forms only a part of the total research scheme of the behaviorist ”(P. 158).

Aware

Definition of conscious

The conscious can be said that it is associated with consciousness, which is the psychic act through which a subject perceives himself in the world. That is, the conscious is inaccessible from the outside of the person. Psychology believes that consciousness is a non-abstract cognitive state, allows the human being to interpret and interact with external stimuli which form reality.

It is for this reason that it is important to establish that within psychology, the Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud determined the three systems that shape the psychic apparatus. Specifically he spoke of conscious, unconscious and preconscious, who are closely linked to each other.

On the other hand, for philosophy, consciousness is the human faculty to decide actions and assume responsibility for the consequences according to the conception of good and evil. The conscious, in this sense, is that responsible person, who does not act negligently and tries to minimize the negative consequences of his actions.

Consciousness is momentary chance that characterizes external and internal perceptions within the set of psychic phenomena. That there is no structured theoretical model that accounts for the phenomenon of consciousness (Norman, 1981; Johnson-Laird, 1988) This allows a great confusion between the concepts of consciousness, controlled processing, attention processing, etc.

We will call awareness to the system composed of the set of content, activities and cognitive processes that the organism has its own experience and that allows them to account for them at any given time (Núñez, 1998).

When we learn to cultivate the ability to be aware, the quality of our life or strength of our mind increases. We could call this method or . The investigations relieved that it could also be called .

Learning to distinguish between consciousness and what you are aware of is very important because it will allow you to make the cognitive container bigger (Siegel, 2020)

Behaviorism

Origins of behaviorism

It was in 1913 when J. B. Watson published his first book entitled "Psychology as The Behaviorit Views" that had great influx in the psychological community. This gave rise to one of the so -called "psychological schools" behaviorism. At the moment he published his work that was called "The Behavioral Manifesto" Watson was just 35 years old. Watson had great impact on the international community and marked a milestone in the study of behavior. The criticisms against introspectionist psychology that Formulo Watson affirmed that to become a natural science, it was necessary for psychology to accentu a purely objective and experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical objective is prediction and behavior control. Introspection is not an essential part of his methods … behaviorism … does not recognize a dividing line between man and animal. The behavior of man with all the refinement and complexity of it, forms only a part of the total research scheme of the behaviorist ”(P. 158).

Psychology was already a new discipline that was beginning to take shape. Evaluation and measurement, psychological tests and their role in society were beginning to be recognized (see Capshew, 1999, and Herman, 1995, for historical analysis of the role of psychology as a science and as a profession in the formation of culture).

How do you define behaviorism?

It is defined as a current of psychology that focuses on the study of common laws that determine human and animal behavior. It is a psychological school that only studies the observable and mesurable, behaviorals tend to conceive living beings as "tabulas" whose behavior is determined by the reinforcements and punishments that receive more than by internal predispositions.

Watson tried to demonstrate that all psychological phenomena, including the unconscious motivations that Freud spoke, are the result of conditioning (Rilling, 2000). In a conference in 1913 that the birth of behaviorism is considered, Watson said that to be truly scientific, psychology should focus on manifest behavior instead of mental states and concepts such as "conscience" or "mind", which could not be analyzed objectively, and he also rejected the dualistic conception.

Skinner and his theory about behaviorism

Skinner fervently believed that the mind, brain and nervous system were an "invisible black box", invisible and irrelevant to scientists. Thus, it was called positive reinforcement to rewarding a behavior giving something, while the negative reinforcement consists in the avoidance of an unpleasant event. That is to say that in both cases the intention was to increase the frequency and intensity of appearance of a certain behavior.

Develop a theoretical and methodological approach, which is known as the experimental analysis of behavior and has been especially effective in the education of children with intellectual disabilities and development.

As behaviorism entered into decline from the 50s, which coincided with the great boom that cognitive psychology was having. Cognitivism is a theoretical model that arose as a reaction to the radical emphasis of behavior in manifest behavior, leaving aside cognition.

Behavioral analysis and its consciousness theory

From the behavioral tradition in psychology, emphasis is placed on behavior analysis (AC) and close systems. It is a common place that AC has been lagging behind (Marr, 1984; Overskeid, 2000; Crone-otodd, 2011) in the study of the so-called higher psychological processes, giving priority to understanding the processes of animal conditioning.

The AC was the discipline promoted by B. F. Skinner and that evenly links the efforts of the behavioral community. On human behavior involved in solving the problems associated with what is called reasoning, Skinner (1974/1977) affirmed that: “Reasoning about a problem means examining problematic contingencies rather than altering them merely through already established procedures for problem solving ”(P. 122).

According to its founder Watson. J. (1924/196), behaviorism is a natural science that is thrown into the field of human adaptations and their interaction is based on the individual. On the other hand for Skinner (1974/1977), it is a philosophy of behavior, which defines several essential aspects in its object of study.

Watson said that he cannot see or even specify consciousness more than the soul can observe, he came to believe that all mental experiences (thought, feeling, consciousness of the self) are nothing other than physiological changes in response to accumulated experience of conditioning, a new generation of psychologists rebelled against that approach to which they called "soft".

Watson’s vision known as behaviorism is based on the work of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Through studies he had done, Pavlov described classical conditioning, a fundamental concept in behaviorism, thanks to which the first interventions based on behavior modification techniques in human beings were developed. Now, to understand how classical conditioning works, you must first know what stimuli work is worked on. For Pavlov, the concept of mind is not necessary since he conceptualizes the responses as reflections that occur after the appearance of external stimuli.

The experiment of little Albert by Watson and Rayner is another example of classical conditioning. In this case the rat is a neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus that causes the fear response by association with strong noise (unconditioned stimulus). Classic behaviorists frequently used animals in their studies. Animals are considered equivalent to people in terms of their behavior and the principles of learning extracted from these studies are extrapolated in many cases to human beings; Of course, always trying to respect a series of epistemological presuppositions that justify this extrapolation. Do not forget that among species there are many aspects of behavior that vary.

The conscious from the behavioral point of view

Psychology as seen by a behaviorist tried to see the conscious from the behavioral point of view but instead I realized that the themes were more about psychology from the point of view of the behaviorist as I mentioned John Broadus Watson, since psychology is related to consciousness and everything that entails in itself.

Because psychology is the study of the science of the phenomena of consciousness. And it is accepted that introspection is the par excellence method through which mental states can be manipulated for psychology purposes. In this assumption, behavior data (including in this term everything that encompasses the name of comparative psychology) have no value per se. These have meaning only in that they must shed light on the states of consciousness. Such data must have at least one analog or indirect reference to belong to the domain of psychology (Sahakian, 1982).

It is then that any other hypothesis that can whose behavior we have been studying. On this point of view, after having determined the ability of our animals to learn, the simplicity or complexity of these learning methods, the effect of the past habit on the present response, the range of stimuli to which it generally responds, the broad range to which they can respond under experimental conditions -in more general terms their different problems and ways to solve them -we must feel that the task is not finished and that the results have no value until we can interpret them through analogy, in the light of consciousness.

Emphasizing analogy in psychology has led the behaviorist to somehow to the field. Not wishing to shake from the oppression of consciousness, he feels driven to make a place in the behavior scheme where the emergence of consciousness can be determined. This point has been changing. Some years ago, certain animals were supposed to have associative memory while some others lacked this. One finds this investigation of the origin of consciousness under a good amount of coverings. Some texts declared that consciousness arises at the time when the reflection and instinctive activities do not properly retain the body. A perfectly adjusted organism could lack consciousness.

conclusion

It is for this reason that it is important to establish that within psychology, the Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud determined the three systems that shape the psychic apparatus. Specifically he spoke of conscious, unconscious and preconscious, who are closely linked to each other. We will call awareness to the system composed of the set of content, activities and cognitive processes that the organism has its own experience and that allows them to account for them at any given time (Núñez, 1998).

Psychology was already a new discipline that was beginning to take shape. Evaluation and measurement, psychological tests and their role in society were beginning to be recognized (see Capshew, 1999, and Herman, 1995, for historical analysis of the role of psychology as a science and as a profession in the formation of culture). In a conference in 1913 that the birth of behaviorism is considered, Watson said that to be truly scientific, psychology should focus on manifest behavior instead of mental states and concepts such as "conscience" or "mind", which could not be analyzed objectively, and he also rejected the dualistic conception.

Skinner fervently believed that the mind, brain and nervous system were an "invisible black box", invisible and irrelevant to scientists. Thus, it was called positive reinforcement to rewarding a behavior giving something, while the negative reinforcement consists in the avoidance of an unpleasant event. That is to say that in both cases the intention was to increase the frequency and intensity of appearance of a certain behavior.

Watson’s vision known as behaviorism is based on the work of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Through studies he had done, Pavlov described classical conditioning, a fundamental concept in behaviorism, thanks to which the first interventions based on behavior modification techniques in human beings were developed. Now, to understand how classical conditioning works, you must first know what stimuli work is worked on. It was about seeing the conscious from the behavioral point of view but instead I realized that the themes were more about psychology from the point of view of the behaviorist as John Broadus Watson mentioned it, since psychology was relates to consciousness and everything that entails in itself.

Bibliography

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2. Daniel J. Siegel 2000. Conscious c i e n c i a y p r a c t i c a of the mindfulness. Editorial: Planet, S. A., Barcelona, ​​Spain
3. Adler, Je and Rips, LJ (2008). Reasoning. Human Inference Studies and its Fundamentals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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