Effects of Drugs

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The Effects of Drugs on a Man’s Reproductive System
A teratogen can be described as an agent that leads to an abnormality after fetal exposure during pregnancy. Teratogens are mainly exposed after an augmented prevalence of a specific birth defect. Smoking-related DNA alteration, as well as methylation patterns, can be noted in various human tissues. Sansone et al., underline that DNA adducts, as well as DNA impairment, are inversely connected with sperm parameter, particularly motility and concentration, and they are both passed to the zygote with a minimal opportunity of repair by the ovum (4). Sperm DNA fragmentation has also been linked to unprompted abortion while oxidative DNA damage, as well as increased cadmium rates due to tobacco intake, are similarly related to weakened fertility. Tobacco consumption regulates sperm creatine kinase activity thus affecting sperm motility as well as homeostasis.
There is also a negative connection between daily alcohol intake and PAH-DNA adducts in sperm. Daily alcohol consumption results in reduced live birth rates and it is related to fertilization failure. Notably, a genetic background may regulate the effect of alcohol on spermatogenesis where the glutathione S-transferase (GST)-M1 genotype may be connected with increased susceptibility to acquiring alcohol triggered spermatogenesis (Sansone et al. 5).
The use of marijuana also has adverse impacts on male fertility with a consequence on sperm function, spermatogenesis, and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Similarly, the use of cocaine, opioids, and ecstasy is connected with high-risk behaviors including cigarette smoking sexually transmitted conditions and it may result in testicular cell apoptosis. Conclusively, maternal smoking in the period of pregnancy is connected with negative effects not only on the mother but also the fetus. These effects include impaired fetal development, reduced birth weight, and increased infant and neonatal mortality rates as well as preterm delivery.
Work Cited
Sansone, Andrea, et al. “Smoke, alcohol and drug addiction and male fertility.” Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology16.1 (2018): 3.