Ethics In The Development Of New Technology For Biomedicine

Ethics in the development of new technology for biomedicine

INTRODUCTION

This document is structured by three important points for its understanding in its first section, it is announced of the multidisciplinary of biomedicine in several areas, including medicine, diciplin to which the investigation is addressed, as it is shown to theReader The importance of technological advances and as human life surprises by having that approach to improving the quality and comforts of life, as well as increasing the benefits in disease diagnosis. n

The previous two points end by implying that within medical science technology is the primary tool to understand biological systems (Marcos, 2016), understanding it leads to taking the last point of this research where the importance that liesFrom the ethical aspect, which includes norms and principles that promote human protection. It addresses ethical thinking about the development of new technologies applied in biomedicine, embeds the right to freedom in the development of cognitive, intellectual and scientific abilities that are linked to the humanistic approach that is to say the ethical-moral.This point will clearly give the guidelines for the ethical application to be estimated with respect to technological advances and will also focus as a foundation for the beginning of an integral ethical training in future engineers. n

Ethics in many of the technological inventions engineering will allow us to understand the attitude of social responsibility that one has, and in turn recognize the perimeter based on respect and fulfillment of universal ethical principles and principles deontological.

Biomedicine

1.1. History

Biomedicine is considered a multidisciplinary field focused on biological aspects of medicine. According to historical records shown in Figure 1, there is knowledge of the finding of a prosthesis made of wood for the first finger in mummifications of Egyptian tombs, this dates from 3000 years ago.

Figure 1 engineering timeline biometric

Since its birth this branch of medicine has evolved together with technology, authors such as (Domínguez-Lugo et al., 2020) Recognize that:

“Biomedicine is capable of applying electrical, mechanical, optical, and other engineering principles by understanding, modifying or controlling biological systems, as well as designing and manufacturing devices that can monitor physiological functions and assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients". n

The definition is recognized that the application of biomedical technology has allowed “developing image techniques (resonance, simple radiographs, etc.) and movement analysis techniques (dynamometric platforms, electromiography equipment, inertial sensors, etc.) ”N

1.two. Biomedicine technology

Since the twentieth century, technological advances and innovations changed the focus on the quality of life, nowadays inclusion of technology in the biomedical area is increasing in decision -making in treatment of diseases, diagnoses and prevention. (Houssein et al., 2019). It is also recognized that the integration of technology has modeled research that allows to develop new knowledge and discoveries, contributing to the reduction of times and the economy of resources.

1.two.1. Definition of biotechnology

Karl Ereky Hungarian Engineer who in 1919 coined for the first time the word biotechnology, such as the path of new developments from living organisms. At present, the term has been modified by the biological sciences that have included the development of processes, which has allowed to have advances in health, industry and well -being. The Secretary of the Agreement on Biological Diversity (CDB), an entity enunciated in one of the investigations of indicating that biotechnology is “any technological application that uses biological systems and living organisms or its derivatives for the creation or modification of products or processes for specific uses for uses" 

At present, 4 biotechnologies applied in other areas are recognized, (Novoa & Zamora, 2020)

“Green biotechnology that emphasizes agricultural production such as the development of transgenic plants…. The red biotechnology used in medicine for the generation of antibiotics from microorganism. Bluetecnology dedicates to discipline in aquatic environments and white biotechnology that focuses on industry in general ”.  

Each of these biotechnologies is focused on the investigation of living organisms used as a resource.

two. Importance of biotechnology

The multidisciplinary influence of biotechnology has been transversal in the acquisition of knowledge and currently considered as a tool that allows for greater benefits for society and medicine.

According to Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Chile are Latin American countries that during the last 4 decades have had greater research intervention entrenched to this science with a percentage of 4.96, a tiny value before other science.

Studies revealed by indicate percentage estimates of biotechnological areas that were economically encouraged by 157 companies from 2016 to 2017, their contribution helped increase research in Bio-Agro (57%), Bio-Salud (19%) and in processingFood (9%).

two.1. Biotechnology in the medical area

Technological targeting in the medical area is known as red biotechnology, its important discoveries have fought many of the diseases that arose due to various causes, such was the discovery of the first antibiotic (penicillin) in 1928 by Fleming, in later years there is the discoveryof the human genome and techniques that allow its manipulation (1958-1961), already in the 70s the production of monoclonal antibodies and the commercialization of recombinate insulin is given. In the year 2001, more than 200 genes of the stem cell are identified, making it promoter of new biotechnological products.

At present, the feasibility of insertion of certain futuristic technologies such as the implementation of robotic surgery systems, nanomedicine that will allow from the inside of the body and 3D bio-printing that will address the generation of external and internal tissuesLike skin or heart.

two.two. Biotechnology in the social area

Technological advances enrich the improvement of treatments and in the early diagnosis of certain diseases, which leads to favor in the improvement of locomotion movements, decreased ailments, postures corrections, increase the ergonomics of prostheses etc …

The impact caused on society worldwide is of great estimate, he affirms that:

“The exponential increase in knowledge about the functioning of living beings, the causes and mechanisms of diseases, as well as the development of the means to cure them or attenuate their progression, has meant a reduction in the mortality of many of them andan increase in life expectancy for those that cannot be cured yet ” 

The reduction of mortality is the end of biotechnology, but it should be clarified that it does not seek to greatly expand the years of human beings, since it would be hurting its own nature.

3. Ethics

Ethics is born from the Greek word ethos that relations the set of customs and norms that direct the behavior of the human being with its surroundings. The environment that surrounds the human being has led him to awaken his survival impulses and therefore generate progress in scientific knowledge, an action that has led to practical rationality, and which allows access to freedom, the highest value of thehuman being, in reflection describes that the

“Knowledge in man is a necessary budget of voluntary action, because without him the human being is unable to assume the reality that surrounds him and, as a consequence his ability of choice is arrested in ignorance and on many occasions subject to the drivesBiological "  

If we speak within the Kantian language, freedom is the primary right of the human being, where the human being is approached as an end, but not as an object since it would be attentive with human dignity. The reflection of people allows us to consider the appropriate and inadequate of an act, in which moral actions arises in a responsibility, for Kant “the human being can be summarized as rational as soon as he knows the moral law of his own and free duty sinceIt is prepared to obey it by its own or autonomous determination ”.

3.1. Bioethics

Bioethics begins based on the historical referents in which the human being was subject to such a study was the fact of submitting person to low and high conditions (pressure, temperature) in order to know their resistance, from that event other actions areThey presented throughout the history, therefore, several entities were created that suppressed the inequality of scientific growth and social evolution changes submerged in technology.

Etymologically bioethics comes from the Greek "bios" that refers to life and "ethos" which means ethical, its relationship gives the study of ethics in life, by linking with fundamental values and rights in whichThe basic principles towards social behavior and medical progress intervene.  

"Bioethics establishes norms, principles and values that through it have developed, to a large extent, responses to serious transgressions of human dignity that have occurred within biomedical research"

Entering the territory of Bioethics allows us to understand the transcendental of the ethical, political, social and cultural scope of human nature (Valenzuela, 2015). This interdiscipline focuses completely on the regulation of the guidelines of the life of the human being in the face of scientific advances.

The reference taken by (Marcos, 2016) in his research defines

"Bioethics is presented as a paradigm of what ethics has to be in the context of a technological civilization, that is, as the search for a meeting point between technology and moral consciousness"

In compression, it is indicated that bioethics includes two situations at the same time, in which from medical nature it does matter or miso to be attentive to new technologies linked to all types of pathologies and look at ethics in command of the patient’s willand tutors. 

3.1.1. Rules

The norm is considered as order, authorization and permission that allows a person to make some action, in these three functions that expresses the norm are combined in the term "must" refer to the world norms, therefore to live in a societyInvolve inhabiting norms, which regulate people’s behavior. As Weil describes it, bioethics is based on principles and norms that guarantee the good of human dignity.

(Boff & Zambam, 2018) describe certain rules that must be taken into account

• The first is the norm responds to the fact of solving problems, in which he does not consider scientific or technological progress that, done, creates more problems than solutions.
• The second standard refers to the demonstration that new scientific knowledge opened by industrial company must demonstrate that your company does not cause damage, social or ecological.
• The third regulations set the common good, by which the interest of the common good leads to the person in their human rights.
• The fourth norm is known as the eco-regla that refers to the survival of the human being as the most important, but without this changing its nature.
• Finally, the reversibility standard in technical progress that must be above irreversibilities which reduces to only generate the necessary technology at the right time.

3.1.two. Beginning

The principles are the objective of foundation to the protection of the exercise of medical, clinical and scientific practices. As bioethics already expressed himself, he uses technology to solve conflicts that lead to the protection of the sense of human dignity and vital sense. Respect for people’s rights and dignity are based on various bioethical principles.

• Autonomy principle: emphasizes the ability to examine circumstances and exercise them by making a decision. Its application intervenes in medical interventions in which it is necessary to acquire an informed consent of the patient that. Recognizing this principle gives the right that all people have been treated as the exception of those incapacitated to decide for themselves.
• Principle of Justice: Consider minorizing the inequalities of risks and benefits in selection criteria of dependent or vulnerable people if it imports their social status. In this way it eliminates scientific, biological and health counterpositions about treatments
• Non-Maleficcence Principles: Do not do evil, it demands that professional practice has fostered and convenient, without generating or provoking suffering or killing, that is, preventing dangerous practices that threaten the patient’s future. It is a principle of public sphere and its breach is punishable by law.
• Benefit principle: do good, induces to act by benefiting the patient and inciting well -being, in other words, agrees to cure the patient of any damage complying with the satisfactions of himself and the professional. In general, this principle is not legally punishable in the case of not accessing its compliance.

Conclusions

Bibliographic research clarifies that the human being is a free individual, who is recognized by ethics and the world as the maximum legitimacy of an individual. Therefore, designing, creating new technologies that innovate the world is allowed as long as the thinking of the inventor or technology -creating entities has the ability to analyze and focus on helping the human being improving their quality of life.

The new technological knowledge is obliged to show ethically that meets the requirements, that is, it is under the framework of the norms and principles that govern the behavior and interests of the entire society protecting the dignity of all people.

In addition, it is understood that in medicine technology is used that favors each medical area to obtain a good diagnosis and treatment, due to this inclusion, ethics has found a maximum point where the interest of creating new technologies and moral consciousness is balanced toOnly comply with the only common good of each society in the world, within this research, a call to future technology innovators is made to always take the human being as the impulse to create, but not taken as the object to invent.