Global Health Study Design Coursework Example

Improved cook stove to address pneumonia burden among Chadian children
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Abstract
Pneumonia is a prevalent disease and it causes the death of many children globally. Approximately seventy percent of pneumonia cases occur in the sub-Sahara Africa and South Asia. Pneumonia is very rampant in the Republic of Chad as it is ranked eighth out of fifteen of the countries heavily affected by pneumonia. Almost 19,300 children succumb to pneumonia in a year. The environmental studies that have been carried out have revealed that household air pollution is the main cause of pneumonia in various countries especially Chad. This research focuses on the Sara community in Chad and the way the usage of the wood cooking stove is causing pneumonia in Chad. The research will look at the application of the improved cooking stove and how its effectiveness in the prevention of pneumonia. The case study will involve looking deeply at the cultural practices of the Sara community especially their way of cooking and their shelter and how they contribute to the prevalence of pneumonia.
Keywords: improved cooking stove and wood cooking stove
Research question
What is the effectiveness of using an improved cooking stove in the prevention of pneumonia?
Aim of the study
The aim of this paper is to know the effectiveness of using an improved cooking stove to prevent pneumonia.

The paper will focus on the Sara tribe of Chad by utilizing the social systems of the community to reach out to the community on adapting the usage of improved cooking stoves.
Hypothesis of the study
Usage of improved cooking stoves is effective in the prevention of pneumonia among the Sara tribe.
Offering civil education on the usage of improved cooking stoves will reduce pneumonia incidences among mothers and children.
Increasing the cooking stoves among the Sara community will reduce the risks of pneumonia among mothers and children.
Objectives
To educate the Sara mothers on the dangers of using a wood stove, this is the leading cause of pneumonia among the Sara tribe.
To increase awareness of using improved cooking stoves and its effectiveness in the prevention of pneumonia among the Sara tribe.
To offer civil education to the Sara mothers on how to use the improved cooking stoves and how they contribute to the prevention of pneumonia.

Literature review
Pneumonia is a lung disease caused by bacteria, viruses and on rare occasions, fungi cause it. Most cause of death in children worldwide is due to pneumonia. Every year there is an estimated 156 million cases of pneumonia and 2 million children die from the disease (Rudan et al, 2008). The main symptoms of pneumonia involve coughing, breathing problems and chest pains. On a long-term effect, pneumonia can lead to heart failures. Most of the Sara community use wood stoves for basic needs. These stoves on most occasions are powered by biomass. Biomass involves burned plants or animal material and can take the form of woods, plant, charcoal or dung. A study on the Sara community revealed that 60% of the Sara community use solid fuels, wood to cook (Agarwal, 1986). A similar study also revealed that the Sara community has a high prevalence of using the traditional three-stone cooking fire.
Most rural homes of the Sara community involve one or two dirt floor shelters without cemented floors. Creating a fire in these rural homes has implications for ambient air. The household air pollution is what is referred to as ambient air (WHO, 2012). The smoke released by wood cooking stoves have revealed that burning of biomass fuels produce a smoke that include gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, vapor, and nitrogen oxide (Zhang and Smith, 2002). All these gases affect the lungs of Sara women and children causing pneumonia. The risks of pneumonia are high among the women and children of the Sara community because according to the Sara culture women and children are supposed to cook while the men hunt and look for food. Another problem that is facing the Sara community is the lack of healthcare facilities to treat these pneumonia cases. On most occasions, the Sara community lack adequate knowledge on the symptoms and treatment of pneumonia due to insufficient healthcare facilities and they end up dying due to negligence.
Study design
The study will use a qualitative study design. The design was preferred for the study because it will ensure a casual impact on the Sara community using the wooden stoves to adapt to the improved cooking stoves to address the burden of pneumonia among the Sara women and children. The qualitative research design will allow the use of several qualitative methods like qualitative interviewing, participant observation and surveys providing evidence on the improved cooking stoves and the effectiveness of the stoves in preventing pneumonia (Patton, 2002). The study location will include a town in Chad called Sarh, which is home to the Sara community. The location is appropriate for the research question since the Sara community is very traditional and they practice their culture even in the current 21st century. The possibility of finding the community using wood stoves in the current society is high, unlike other communities that are corrupted by modernization.
The population of interest in this study is the Sara community. The main interest in the community is to speak to the community members concerning the wood cooking stove. The main agenda is to speak to the elders in the community and find out if the wood cooking stoves have any relationship with the community rules. This affirmation will ensure that introducing improved cooking stoves will not affect the values of the community. In addition, talking and observing the Sara women is essential to the study. The Sara community is appropriate to answer the research question because the community still practices their culture even in this modern society. Using the Sara community makes sense in this research because the community uses wood cooking stoves and introducing improved cooking stoves forms the basis of the research question (Clark et al, 2009).
The participants of the research study will be recruited according to the age difference. The age difference will allow diversification of ideas when trying to understand how the wood cooking stoves have affected their health. It will offer an insight into how the health hazards that the wood smoke has brought to the community (Orozco-Levi et al, 2006). Trying not to disrupt the Sara community culture and values will address all the ethical concerns when accessing the Sara community. Despite trying to implement the improved cooking stove among the Sara community other variables that the research will seek to know is if the people in the Sara community can actually afford the improved stoves.
In this research data, collection technique is qualitative in nature. This means using interviews and surveys to collect data (Deitrick et al, 2010). The interviews will act as a feedback mechanism. This means that after giving the Sara women the improved cooking stove getting their views on the stove. Interviews will also provide information on the health implications of the improved stove on the people of Sara. Surveys are also appropriate to know if the improved cooking stoves have had an impact on curbing pneumonia in the Sara community or if the disease is still prevalent (Harris et al, 2011). The collection of data should be after a month to get accurate results on whether the cases of pneumonia have decreased in the Sara community. The research should take approximately one year and another year for a follow-up. Within a year, the research should focus on the adoption of the improved cooking stoves among the Sara community (Ruiz-Mercado, 2011). The second year of the follow-up involves looking at how the Sara community is living with their improved stoves and analyzing to see if the cases of pneumonia are still rampant.

Annotated bibliography
Rudan, Boschi-Pinto, Biloglav , Mulholland, Campbell (2008). Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull World Health Organ; 86: 408-16.
The article is relevant by providing the estimated number of people who succumb to pneumonia in a year. The article is relevant because it provides the number of women and children who suffer from pneumonia per year.
Agarwal,(1986).Cold hearths and barren slopes–the woodfuel crisis in the third world. Riverdale, MD, USA: The Riverdale Company.
The article presents information on the Sara community and the culture of the community and the way they handle themselves. The article is relevant in providing information on the wood cooking stove that the Sara community uses for their basic needs. It also provides information on the shelter of the Sara community. It also provides information on the lack of ventilation from their homes and the effects on their health.
World Health Organization (2012). Household Air Pollution. Retrieved January 13, 2012, from http://www.who.int/gho/phe/indoor_air_pollution/en/index.htmlThe article provides more information on household air pollution. The article is a study by the World Health Organization on the household air pollution its causes and the effects of the pollution on people’s health. The article gives adequate information on wood cooking stoves and the effects of the smoke produced from this stove.
Zhang, and Smith, (2002). Indoor air pollution: a global health concern. British Medical Bulletin, 68, 209-225
The article provides information on the contents of the smoke produced by the wood cooking stoves. It breaks down the contents of the smoke to separate gases that compose the smoke produced from the wood stoves. The article explains how each gas leads to pneumonia.
Patton, (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Mehodos. 3rd edition, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
The article gives an insight of the qualitative research design and how it is usually applied in many research studies. The article also has an example of how the qualitative research designs in used in writing a research.
Clark, Peel, Burch, Nelson, Robinson, Conway, (2009). Impact of improved cookstoves on indoor air pollution and adverse health effects among Honduran women. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 19(5), 357-368.
The article will provide vivid information on the impact of using the improved cooking stoves. The information provided will provide adequate information on the improved cooking stoves and determine if the stoves are safe when used by the Sara community.
Orozco-Levi, Garcia-Aymerich, Villar, & Ramirez-Sarmiento, (2006). Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal, 27(3), 542-546.
The article provides more information on how wood cooking stoves cause pneumonia. The article also gives an insight of other chronic diseases caused by the wood cooking stoves and the long-term effect of the smoke.
Deitrick, Paxton, Rivera, Gertner, Biery, Letcher, Lahoz, Maldonado & Salas-Lopez, D. (2010). Qualitative Health Research, 20(3), 386-399.
The key information in the article is qualitative research design. The article provides information on the qualitative data collection techniques that are applied in the research. The article explains each technique and its application.
Harris,Weeks, Chen, & Layde. (2011). Health effects of an efficient vented stove in the highlands of Guatemala. Global Public Health, 6(4), 421-432.
The article is about the usage of the improved cooking stove and its usage in Guatemala. The article allows a relationship between the application of the cooking stove in Guatemala and in Sara community.
Ruiz-Mercado, Masera, & Zamora, (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves. Energy Policy, 39, 7557-7566.
The article is about the adoption of the improved cooking stove. The article describes the changes the stove brings. It also explains the positive effects of using the improved cooking stove and gives a recap of what the Sara community can expect from using the stove.

Budget
Category Expenses
Direct Personal Expenses 2,380
Supplies 5,500
Services 5,000
Participants 10,000
Indirect Overhead 8,745
Total Expenses 31,625
References
Agarwal (1986). Cold hearths and barren slopes–the woodfuel crisis in the third world. Riverdale, MD, USA: The Riverdale Company.
Clark, Peel, Burch, Nelson, Robinson, Conway (2009). Impact of improved cookstoves on indoor air pollution and adverse health effects among Honduran women. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 19(5), 357-368.
Deitrick, Paxton, Rivera, Gertner, Biery, Letcher, Lahoz, Maldonado & Salas-Lopez, D. (2010). Qualitative Health Research, 20(3), 386-399.
Harris,Weeks, Chen, & Layde (2011). Health effects of an efficient vented stove in the highlands of Guatemala. Global Public Health, 6(4), 421-432.
Orozco-Levi,Garcia-Aymerich, Villar, & Ramirez-Sarmiento, (2006). Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal, 27(3), 542-546.
Patton, (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 3rd edition, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications
Rudan ,Boschi-Pinto Biloglav, Mulholland , Campbell (2008). Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull World Health Organ; 86: 408-16.
Ruiz-Mercado, Masera, & Zamora (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves. Energy Policy, 39, 7557-7566.
World Health Organization (2012). Household Air Pollution. Retrieved January 13, 2012, from http://www.who.int/gho/phe/indoor_air_pollution/en/index.htmlZhang, & Smith. (2002). Indoor air pollution: a global health concern. British Medical Bulletin, 68, 209-225.