How do certain circumstances presented to Alpacas in the wild affect the mechanism they use to survive and reproduce?

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How Do Certain Circumstances Presented to Alpacas in The Wild Affect the Mechanism They Use to Survive and Reproduce?
SURVIVAL MECHANISM
High pitched screams. Alpacas produce a wide range of vocalizations. Some of them are meant to scare away predators and warn other members of imminent danger. These vocalizations include humming, snorting, clucking, grumbling, loud creams, ogling, screeching and alarm calls. Loud screams are produced when the animal is in stressful situations. Alarm calls or high [itched vocalizations are produced when the Alpacas senses danger (Castillo-Ruiz n.pag). Loud screams are related to alarm calls but they are only made when he Alpaca is terrified. The alarm call sounds like a higher pitched and less rusty donkey “hee-haw”.
CAUSE/CIRCUMSTANCES
The alarm call means that the Alpaca has seen, heard or smelled something scary. Usually, the danger might be a predator like a wolf or even a shadow. According to Castillo-Ruiz (n.pag), the Alpaca can be attacked by predators in their native range like domestic dogs. Sources of danger in the wild include Andean foxes, pumas, Andean condors and wild cats. Coyotes and wolves are also identified as threats. The Alpaca associate the sight of these animals with danger. Therefore, they use high pitched sounds as a way to warn others and scare away these predators.
EFFECT
Survival and Reproduction. The Alpaca uses loud screams and loud calls together with other survival instincts like spitting their foul stomach.

They also use their hooves to defend themselves. When humans handle the crias or small ones, the older Alpaca can let out a high pitched scream. This is usually followed by spitting. High pitched screams will remind the caregiver to handle young ones with care. When faced with danger, the high pitched screams cause the Alpacas to gather together for safety. It also alerts humans as caregivers about possible danger. Alpacas breed among themselves, both in the wild and in farms. The loud sound helps Alpaca to defend the young ones. Survival leads to increased reproduction potential in terms of numbers.

Works Cited
Castillo-Ruiz, Alexandra. “Alpaca: Lama pacos.” Animal Diversity Web, 2014, www.animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lama_pacos/. Accessed 7 June 2018.