How do Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis respond to ampicillin and streptomycin resistance?

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There are always arising issue when it comes to the development of drug-resistant disease-causing microorganism, and this us because of how they undermine studies and interventions against them in the form of treatments. The mode of action for most antibiotic drugs is through the interruption of protein synthesis. Streptomycin and ampicillin antibiotics function the above mode of action. Ampicillin inhibits the formation of bacterial cell wall through inhibition of enzyme action of transpeptidase which further inhibits the third and final stage of the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Streptomycin inhibits ribosomal units necessary for protein synthesis (General Background: About Antibiotic Resistance, 2018). Bacteria, on the other hand, develop resistance by fighting the actions of antibiotics. This paper will, therefore, analyze Escherichia coli and Streptococcus epidermidis and how they respond to ampicillin and streptomycin resistance.
One of the main factors of resistance is associated with changes that occur in bacteria that make drugs ineffective. One of the changes is caused by a mutation which is characterized by a spontaneous change in the genetic makeup of bacteria. Mutations can allow bacteria to develop enzymes that inactivate antibiotics. Mutations can also cause the elimination of cell targets that the antibiotic attacks. Bacteria also have the ability to collect resistance traits over time and as a result become resistant to many types of antibiotics (Antibiotic Resistance, 2018).

Research shows that the existence of certain metal ions can cause the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics such as streptomycin and ampicillin. The existence of lead ions can have great effects n pubic heath because of the effect it has on the development of resistance against antibiotics (Chudobova et al., 3133).
Another study done on antibiotic resistance of ampicillin by E. coli prove that all isolates of samples collected in the study had enzyme beta-lactamase. The enzyme acts on the beta-lactam ring of the antibiotic through a hydrolysis process leading to its inactivation (Brinas et al., 3156).

Works Cited
“Antibiotic Resistance.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 2018, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance.
Brinas, L. et al. “-Lactamases in Ampicillin-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolates from Foods, Humans, and Healthy Animals.” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 46, no. 10, Jan. 2002, pp. 3156–3163. doi:10.1128/aac.46.10.3156-3163.2002.
Chudobova, Dagmar, et al. “Effect of Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Penicillin, and Tetracycline on Metal Resistant and Non-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 11, no. 3, 2014, pp. 3233–3255., doi:10.3390/ijerph110303233.
“General Background: About Antibiotic Resistance.” Index of /, 2018, emerald.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/about_antibioticres.shtml.