Human Science Theories Coursework Example

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Watson heart-centered caring
Components Phenomenon Spiritual nourishment affects illness and health.
Observed a scenario where a patient’s health deteriorated due to lack of emotional support.
Considered the Watson’s theory of heart-centered caring.
A holistic approach that emphases on spiritual, physical and mental wellness accelerate a patient’s healing process.
The heart-centered theory involves a transpersonal caring practice which includes the inner self.
It goes beyond the inner ‘ego’ self to submitting to supernatural power and the spiritual world.
Idea Nurses can influence health by managing and providing spiritual needs of a patient.
Spiritual factors that affect health includes equanimity, love, kindness, self-reflection, trust and deep belief in others, empathy and recognition and submitting to the higher power rather than ‘ego.’
Nurses role: being authentically present and give emotional, spiritual and psychological support to a patient.
Enhance the patient’s healing environment through providing basic care essentials that aim to satisfy body mind and spirit.
Individuals from different backgrounds can share authentic and meaningful conversations centered at encouraging each other and thus expanding their worldviews. As a result, they can discover themselves and explore new life possibilities.
Nursing is a lifetime journey that needs active nourishment to flourish.
Concepts/constructs/ internal variables Patient-Centered care focuses on the patient’s physical and emotional needs rather than the nursing process.

Watson’s theory stresses on achieving inner harmony to enhance the healing process.
The components essential for body-minded spirit wholeness includes:
Submitting to higher power, love kindness, trust, bodily needs sufficiency, and empathy.
A disease is lack of comfort and thus lack of inner peace results in ill health.
Patients have a great opportunity to accelerate their healing process if they adhere to practices that enhance spiritual health.
The patient should:
Focus on cultivating an ethical, moral and philosophical foundation of values.
Focus on achieving equanimity at all time during and after the healing process to avoid secondary illness.
Engage in deep self-reflection through prayers, meditation, and general assessment. This will assist in adopting a better lifestyle free from stress and trauma that may result in illnesses.
Have an ability to forgive themselves and others for any wrongdoing. This will serve to eliminate stress thus accelerating the healing process.
Develop meaningful, trusting and caring relationships with people around them. This ensures care and love during the illness period and thus accelerated recovery.
A nurse giving care to a patient should create an opportune healing environment with a holistic approach. They should:
Honor and acknowledge their patient’s sense of belief and religious views. They can do this by supporting their sense of hope, incorporate their beliefs and values and help them view life as a mystery that needs to be explored rather than a problem to be solved.
Respond promptly to the patient’s physical and emotional needs. They do this through encouraging communication with their patients, attend promptly to patients based on the severity of their conditions as well as cultivating and practicing non- judgmental attitude.
Develop and practice emotional intelligence. This enables them to acknowledge other’s feelings, express compassion and gratitude, know other peoples’ style of communication and help the patients deal with their negative feelings.
Acknowledge that healing is mainly an inner journey. Effective healing requires a holistic approach that is heart-centered. It should involve the body, mind, and spirit working in perfect harmony.
Propositions A heart-centered treatment approach is significantly vital for the healing process.
Illness is inner discomfort, and lack of inner peace equals to illness and slows an individual’s rate of recovering.
Human to human connections is vital for meaningful relationships which brings a kind, loving and caring environment.
The goals of treatment are to bring a patient to a situation whereby natural forces can act to bring about the healing process. This depends to a great extent on the inner harmony that the individual enjoys.
Inner harmony depends majorly on relationships, religion and moral compass of a particular individual.
Assumptions Lack of inner peace affects an individual’s health and slows the process of recovering from an illness.
Distress may result in worsening of a medical condition or prolonged healing process.
The patient’s interpersonal relationship skills are vital recovering health, and lack of it is detrimental to the healing process.
The following are assumptions in ensuring inner peace of patients to achieve the desired medical results efficiently:
The nurse should seek to detect, recognize and connect with the spiritual world of the patient.
The nurse moral commitment is to protect and promote, physical spiritual and mental wellness.
Nurses should be trained on how to cultivate good relations with their patients.
Nurses ought to create a friendly environment around their patients as it helps the patients to recover more effectively.
Nursing is both a science and an art, and both dimensions work together to create optimum conditions for healing.
There should exist a personal relationship between a patient and a nurse to achieve inner peace more effectively.
External variables Though most illnesses are as a result of microorganisms, some results from unhealthy lifestyles.
Living with an unfit body, mind and spirit correlations undermines health and reduces the body’s ability to fight diseases.
Heart-centered treatment aims at bringing all the three components to work together to achieve health.
The severity of patients’ medical conditions varies widely and so their persona thereby varying rates of recovering.
The human becoming theory of Parse
Components Phenomenon -The theory examines the relationship between health and the quality of life.
-It emphasizes the quality of life and focuses on guiding the practice of nursing to emphasize on the same.
-Traditional nursing relied on the totality paradigm that focuses on identifying an ailing part of the body and treating it exclusively. The ailing parts of the body are identified treated to eliminate the problem, and the patients with conditions that cannot be treated are viewed as problems themselves.
-The Parse theory is developed to reinforce a holistic treatment approach whereby efforts are placed into trying to change an individual’s perspectives to facilitate the practical dimension of treatment.
-An individual’s state of health is determined by their daily choices which reflects their beliefs and values.
Idea -An individual can influence their health by changing their quality of life.
-People should view health as a process of being and becoming which can only be described through internal perspective rather than from the outsider’s view.
-According to this theory, nursing is not the process of identifying illness and administering treatment but a process of adjusting human relationships and improving the quality of life from the patient’s perspective.
-A healthy body, mind, and spirit will work in conjunction to restore health in the case of an ill-health condition.
-Parse’s theory is based on three principles: structure and meaning whereby an individual is made to understand that the situation they are in is as a result of their past experiences.
-The second principle is rhythmicity in the pattern of relationships whereby, the relations between man and the universe through paradoxes that makes them reveal their feelings and emotions.
-The third principle is transcending possibilities where a patient is made to plan beyond thus instilling a sense of hope.
-Parse’s theory prepares patients to face reality with readiness for the worst while cultivating a sense of hope thus paradoxical.
-Nursing is a science and art influencing individual and families’ choices regarding their health and well-being for instance: choices on dietetics and physical exercise.
Concepts/constructs/ internal variables -The nursing practice revolves around the nurse-patient relationship rather than the desired change initiated by the nurse.
-sEmphasis is put on the event of how the patient meets the nurse and the agreement made to better the patient’s life by restoring health. The patient is an active participant going through the process of restoring his lost health.
-When the patient has undergone treatment, they thus can go on bettering their lives through the satisfaction of owns desires.
-Quality of life means achieving one’s goals and satisfying personal needs.
-This theory involves three important phases: the meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.
-The nurse is expected to educate their patients on how to improve quality without compromising health.
-The Parse’s ‘nurse presence’ means to seek in-depth clarification of the patient’s thoughts.
-Questions such as: what the patient thinks about a scenario where the available medical procedure results in their death, what if the procedure intensifies the condition.
-Through soliciting for answers to the key questions, the patient is put through a process of self –discovery and kept to think that their bodies can fight the illness and recover without any medical intervention.
-By letting the patient explore their emotional feelings resulting from their fears, synchronizing rhythms is achieved, an important step in achieving self-discovery.
-Then the last phase of the theory – the urge to move beyond, is assessed. Individuals feel needed by their families and thus would have the hope of going through any treatment procedure and comes out safe ready to join their families.
Propositions -sAchieving sufficiency is key to improving health.
-A nurse employing Parse’s theory of treatment seeks to unlock the patient’s patterns of health through discussion.
-In general, this approach is paradoxical in that, a patient may be terrified by a medical procedure, but they are not afraid to go through it.
-Positive feeling resulting from satisfaction is vital for good health and accelerates the healing process.
-A holistic treatment approach to ill health serves to restore health more effectively compared to the traditional healing approach which focused on the ailing part of the body.
Assumptions -The following assumptions are taken into consideration in the Parse’s theory:
-The nurse is aware of the questions to ask to enforce the full potential of this treatment approach.
-The existing relationship between man and the universe is mutual and takes place in an active continuous process.
-Nature and human beings are inseparable and work together to reciprocate each other for optimal results.
-The patient is well prepared for any treatment procedure recommended by the nurses.
-The major concern is the patient’s perception of their clinical condition and the possible outcomes of treatment and failure to go through treatment.
-The patient has goals and family to take care of this a great sense of drive to move beyond.
-Nurses understand the relationship between a positive feeling of self-sufficiency and the rate of recovering.
External variables -Lack of a sense of purpose and family support can be detrimental to one’s health.
-Drugs and substance use plays a major role in destroying one’s health by reducing immunity or damage to vital organs.
-An individual’s worldviews serve and a key factor in determining one’s level of satisfaction.
-An individual’s past experiences will eventually serve in shape one’s health.
-It is virtually impossible to achieve self-sufficiency especially when it is based on material gains thus making it impossible to attain the optimum conditions for perfect wellness.
-The severity of patients’ medical conditions varies widely and so their persona thereby varying rates of recovering.
-Individuals’ nutrition varies widely and may interfere with the healing process. Consuming a well-balanced and nutritious diet accelerates healing, whereas poorly balanced and insufficient nutrition slows the healing process.
Zderad and Peterson humanistic theory
Components Phenomenon -Observed the relationship between the nurse encounter and reduction of severity of the medical condition.
-This theory employs a humanistic approach that focuses on emotional and mental health.
-It is based on the fact that the nursing practice involves a personal relationship between a patient and a nurse in human relations.
-An intersubjective transactional resulting from the relationship created existing between a patient, and a nurse serves to cultivate good relations and openness.
-It employs active inquiry for the nurse to enhance their daily experience and knowledge.
-It is faceted to enable nurses to learn through their daily encounters with diverse patients.
-As viewed from the humanistic model, nursing is a dialogue party (patient and a nurse) resulting from illness and suffering whereby the individuals become by their human potential to serve.
Idea
-In this theory, the patient calls for help from a nurse who will, in turn, intervene and serve to alleviate their patient’s suffering.
-Both parties play an important role in the healing process, and the intervention has a lot to do to influence the patient’s healing.
-The most important elements of this communication include active listening, encouragement, focusing acceptance and reflection.
-Emotional connectedness and encouragement will give the patient a sense of hope thus producing positive energy that helps calm the body and making the patient feel better.
-Nursing is an art and science in that, caregiving involves a physical aspect and also emotional and psychological aspects which work together in restoring health.
Concepts/constructs/ internal variables -This theory is built on the basis that the nurse-patient relationship greatly contributes to the healing process. A patient call for help and the nurse responds to the call through communication and administering treatment and the phenomenon results in a strong relation bound for the entire treatment season.
-A nurse can demonstrate their ability to understand the patient and create an environment of ease even when the patient is struggling with pain due to illness.
-This happens through friendly personal interaction with the patient to feel their presence, empathy, and comfort.
-During the communication, the nurse calls off all that they are for instance their education, intuition, skills and keep themselves on the same level as the patient.
-The nurse then initiates a dialogue specially designed to help the patient feel better about themselves.
-This holistic theory emphasizes the nurse-patient relationship through communication with the aim of enhancing the patient experience and achieve a holistic treatment procedure for faster healing.
-This theory stresses that every patient should be heard and provided what they ask for to achieve a holistic treatment. However, nurses are guided by ethics, and moral standards and professionalism thus can only provide whatever that is allowed.
-The theory emphasizes on acquiring nursing education through experience rather than theory.
-The nursing profession should focus more on the ability to cultivate good relations with patients through this theoretical approach.
Propositions -To deal effectively with every patient’s persona, a nurse ought to have adequate relationship skills to initiate a good relationship.
-A good relationship with a patient helps alleviate the severity of their condition.
-The therapeutic communication is just a medium of communicating with a patient but essential in caregiving as it enhances emotional wellbeing.
-The communication is aimed at gaining the patient’s trust and confidence.
-Every nurse ought to possess values such as interpersonal skills, emotional intelligence, and understanding.
-sTo win the patient’s trust, a nurse ought to advocate for their patient’s safety, satisfaction, and security.
-Individuality is encouraged throughout the nursing profession since every individual patient has their own feeling and magnitude of illness.
-Humanistic theory stresses on continuous education for a nurse to be able to formulate and hold a meaningful conversations including asking and answering queries.
-A relationship full of intimacy, trust and care results from the nurse’s willingness to cultivate good relations with their patients and serves as a basis for an accelerated healing process.
Assumptions -The theory has the following assumptions:
-The nursing process involves two individuals who are to engage in a relationship. Nurses can influence the patient’s quality of life and death.
-Nurses and patients are independent and interdependent therefore coexist.
-People can know their innate angular view as well as the others angular view through a natural mechanism.
-Human beings are biophysical and unique and so are patients and nurses thus can make choices.
-Special encounters with other human being come with a great deal of intimacy that deeply influences members who happen to encounter it.
-A negative feeling about self and people around can be harmful thealth and reduces the rate of healing.
External variables -Peterson and Zderad theory is virtually applicable in all healthcare settings since its aims is to develop a good relationship with the patents which is a crucial factor in caregiving.
-A meaningful relationship with family and lose friends influences an individuals’ inner peace, thus their rate of recovering.
-Nutrition and the individual lifestyle also play a big role in the recovering process.
-An individual’s level of hope due to the previous illness may impact the patient’s rate of recovering.
-Drug and substance abuse is another common factor influencing the rate of recovering. It damages vital body organs as well as interfering with emotional wellbeing thus lowers the rate of recovering.
Nightingale’s Environment model
Components Phenomenon – The theory observes the relationship between the rate of recovery of a patient and the environment concerning cleanliness, light, fresh air, and warmth.
-Adequacy of ideal environmental aspects goes a long way in accelerating recovery.
-Nightingale theory of patient are stresses that severity of the patient medical condition is aggravated by the environment they are subjected to after medical procedures.
-An individual has an important role in creating a hygienic environment to prevent illnesses.
Idea -The nursing practices focused on enhancing the environment to achieve the ideal conditions of fresh air, cleanliness, optimum temperature that favors positive medical results.
-Creating a favorable environment for healing is an important aspect of patient-centered care.
-Nursing employs both artistic and scientific criteria to achieve positive medical results.
-An illness is as a result of unfavorable environmental conditions and healing involves the creation of favorable conditions for the body system to work effectively.
-The role of a nurse in restoring their patients’ health involves altering unfavorable conditions and bringing lacking environmental conditions to achieve the most favorable outcomes.
-Paralysis and deaths are as a result of permanent damage caused by long-term exposure to unideal environmental conditions.
Concepts/constructs/internal variables -Nightingale theory of patient emphasizes on ideal environmental conditions for the patient rather than the medical procedure.
-The environmental factors stressed by Nightingale include adequacy of food, drugs and water and punctuality in providing them, ideal room temperature and lighting, clean air and bedding.
-The environment should also be free from noise and stressors that cause emotional discomfort.
According to Nightingale an illness is the inner discomfort an immediate outer environment creates causing an imbalance that results in the discomforts.
She also states that health is not merely absences of illness, but also the struggle underwent by body organs to attain a state of equilibrium after being subjected to the unhygienic environment.
Propositions – Nurses should be trained to create ideal environment’s condition for their patients to heal faster.
– Environmental conditions are primary factors in determining an individual’s health and appropriately managing these conditions brings health and accelerates a patient’s healing process.
– Adequacy and effectiveness of instruments to measure room conditions are better determinants of the speed of the healing process.
– The main goal of the nursing profession is to equip nurses with skills of determining and providing the ideal environment for the healing process.
– Hygienic environmental condition means it is free from pathogens, thus automatically prevent further development of disease since most of the pathogens would have been eliminated.
– An individual can influence their state of health by altering these key environmental conditions that determine health.
In the Caregiving process, spiritual and mental health are fundamental to enhancing the recovery process.
Assumptions -Medicine and nursing are different fields.
-The process of a medical condition is not essential to nursing.
-Nurses are highly trained before they offer the nursing services.
-Nursing has both artistic and scientific aspects employed to restore health.
-A patient actively interacts with the environment during the healing process.
-The nursing parties are concerned with a patient and the environment they interact with.
-Laws of health governs an individual’s health and illness.
-Nurses should be keen observers and able to keep their patient information safe and secure.
-Observation should govern all nursing researchers to achieve utmost accuracy.
External variables -Pathogens are the causes of most human illnesses, and a hygienic environment is free from disease-causing microorganisms.
-Noise, stressors inflicts emotional discomfort that makes the healing process take longer.
-Sunlight is fundamental to accelerating the healing process. Thus patients should access adequate sunlight.
-Inner peace and mental health are fundamental aspects of health that can greatly influence the rate of recovering.
Adequacy and frequency of some conditions such as food, sunlight, and water greatly influences the rate of recovering.
Benner’s model of skills acquisition
Components Phenomenon Skill acquisition happens through stages
-Nursing discipline is a special career that requires high ethical standards
– The acquisition of skills occurs through stages, where the lowest stage is the novice, and the highest stage is Phronesis
At novice stage, the learner acts under the instructions of a senior nurse since the learner has inadequate skills and lacks experiential wisdom
-At Phronesis stage, the nurse formulates his or her own theories and proves the same through research and observation.
-Nurses should exhibit higher levels of expertise and practical wisdom.
Idea Techne and Phronesis guide the nursing discipline
-Techne involves the skills acquired during the learning in the schools, colleges, and universities.
-Phronesis, on the other hand, captures the experiential knowledge acquired during the years of practicing, therefore, the many years a nurse has practiced, the more Phronesis the nurse has.
-Phronesis and techne help the nurses in dealing with the ethical dilemmas prevalent in the nursing field.
-Nurses high in the cadre bear more responsibility than the novice.
– Starting from the advanced beginner or new graduate stage, nurses bear the full responsibility for the patients, i.e., the legal responsibility and professional responsibility.
– In other words, all nurses apart from the novice, owe the patients the primary duty of care
Concepts/ constructs/ internal variables -Delineation of each stage of skill acquisition at each stage is purely based on the nurses’ Phronesis and techne.
– The skills and competencies s put nurses into different categories.
-The responsibilities entrusted to nurses depend on their level of skill acquisition
-The levels of skills accumulation helps nurses to deal with the complex ethical dilemmas, which are common in this field.
-Nurses in the lower levels work under instructions from senior nurses, which help them learn thus improving their experiential knowledge.
-Senior nurses are responsible for all their actions and therefore, practice with a lot of caution. At advanced beginner stage, nurses are very emotional when they do not give their all to the patients.
-The compilation of reports and summons characterizes higher levels.
Propositions -Skills acquisitions improve the nurses’ techne and Phronesis, which help them to offer superior services to the patients.
-Nurses owe patients the primary duty of care
-Nurses with many years of service have an accumulated practical knowledge and experience, i.e., the Phronesis, which put them ahead of their younger colleagues.
-Health caregiving according to the Benner’s model is purely based on the skills and the experience, which are pivotal in this theory.
Assumptions -There is an automatic relationship between the years of service and the experiential wisdom
-A learner must follow the stage of skill acquisition linearly
– Novices act like a robot and have to depend on the senior nurses for all the directions
External variables -Some hospitals are small and as such nurses in these facilities have limited Phronesis
– People have differents understanding capacity and therefore cannot comprehend the same
Elements of human science from the story of care (Jim’ Story)
Human science theories in the field of nursing attempt to explain the processes of giving and receiving quality health care. Specifically, these theories focus on the patients’ health conditions, the environmental factors, and the nursing practices. Each of these theories was developed under different circumstances after the respective founders discovered peculiar ways in, which the patient’s recovery process would be improved. This essay explains the four human science theories, i.e., Nightingale, Watson, parse, Zderad, and Paterson, while thoroughly analyzing each theory’s idea, concept, assumptions, and propositions.
According to (Benner 190), nursing, human science theory, like any other human science is premised on observation, analysis, conclusion, and recommendation. As such, the practicality of the subject is emphasized. Banner’s theory is premised on two important points; phronesis and techne. Techne is based on the means to end rationality, whereas Phronesis is purely based on the practice. Therefore, any medical practitioner should not only boast about providing a solution but rather a quality solution is borne out of a wealth of experience. Additionally, Phronesis, the practical knowledge, and wisdom is the experience gained as a result of many years of practice. As such, the longer a nurse has served, the more experienced he or she is. Benner sets out various stages of acquiring Phronesis. Novice is the first stage, where the students lack any formal practical experience since they are not exposed to the market.
Eating healthy foods is essential to good health since the body’s immunity is improved, all the required nutrients provided, and the individual lives a long life. Unlike what many people believe, health foods are cheaper than unhealthy foods. It is only that most people do not differentiate between healthy and unhealthy foods. It is important to note that healthy foods can be unhealthy when eaten in more than the required amounts and more times than the required time. For instance, eating smaller quantities of meat is healthy, but making meat a daily diet is extremely unhealthy. A healthy diet consists of more fruits and vegetables and less red meat. An example of healthy foods is the Mediterranean diet, which is comprised of organic fruits, vegetables, and olive oil. In conclusion, eating unhealthy foods expose one to diseases like obesity and diabetes type B. Nursing practice plays a vital role in modeling nursing students, where they are equipped with skills and practical experience to serve patients.
Nursing education emanates from the core of values of nursing with emphasis on the whole person. In addition to technological skill, assessments, and diagnosis, nursing must attend to human vulnerability and help people cope. As such, the nursing should provide patient education, comfort and counseling and health promotions aimed at fostering healthy –lifestyles, risk- factor awareness, knowledge of various illnesses, and self-care. Higher learning institutions are charged with the responsibility of producing all- round nursing professionals. This will encourage health care delivery participation of nurses as full-time partners, thus boosting shaping of health policy. With effective nursing education, the nurses can negotiate with political systems and rid the artificial barriers which limit their profession’s efficacy of practicing in consumers’ best interests. It is the nurses’ responsibility to educate the public and policy-makers regarding the roles of nursing in the overall health care scheme. Pertinent nursing skills and scope of practice should be made clear. The correlation between the nursing care and the patient outcomes should be explained in detail.
Application of Nightingale Theory
According to (Parker & Marlaine 33), both nursing, caregiving and receiving should be done in a conducive environment with favorable factors that enable the patient to recover quickly. It is evident that the environment plays a critical role in the recovery process of the patients. The characteristics of a favorable environment include clean air, uncontaminated foods, clean water, and noise free. These conditions quicken the recovery process, leaving nurses and other care-givers with little work to do. Additionally, the environment should offer minimal or no stress at all. For instance, according to the (Canadian Virtual Hospice n.p), the success of the recovery process was purely because of the environment. Nursing is a special discipline and as such necessitates attention, investment, and innovation. Therefore, medical practictitioner should possess invaluable practical skills, experience, and innovation that is indispensable in this particular field. Nursing like other human sciences is based on the four main principles of observation, analysis, conclusion, and recommendations. Nurses are required to observe these tenets when addressing each specific case since, unlike other disciplines, in nursing, each case is interdependent since different diseases exhibit similar symptoms, which at times mislead the nurses and end up making wrong conclusions. The wrong diagnosis is costly since medical costs are increased to correct the mess, which sometimes may be irreversible and may cost the misdiagnosed client’s life (Canadian Virtual Hospice n.p).
Loss of life cannot be equated to anything since it’s a loss to the family, society, and the country as a whole. The importance of understanding and managing a developmental organizational culture cannot be underestimated concerning the impacts it has on the overall success of the organization. It takes a skilled manager to manage and cultivate certain behavioral patterns that constitute a good culture. Therefore, it is the role of the leadership of any organization to ensure that there exists a developmental culture and through managers of various departments, implement policies and procedures that aim at maintaining cultural practices which are congruent with the organization’s objectives and goals.
Additionally, nursing is a special discipline and as such necessitates attention, investment, and innovation. Therefore, medical practitioners should possess invaluable practical skills, experience, and innovation that is indispensable in this particular field. Nursing like other human sciences is based on the four main principles of observation, analysis, conclusion, and recommendations. Nurses are required to observe these tenets when addressing each specific case since, unlike the other discipline.
Every person must be granted the right to privacy and thus the counselor- client relationship must have compliance with laws, policies, and standards of ethics relating to confidentiality. At times, counselors might be torn between, professional ethics, pressures of statutes, personal integrity and rights of family members. Flexibility is paramount in confidentiality issues and makes it possible for various situations to adapt. Though, counselors might be thrown off balance while struggling to strike a balance between ethical and legal dictates.
Organizational Culture is the beliefs, values, meanings and the general language that creates a climate whereby employees interacts with each other and the management. Simply, it is a pattern of behavior on how to do things in a particular organization. The leaders of the groups together with the long-serving employees develop these practices in the organization. These practices are then passed down to incoming generations.
Application of Watson’s Theory
According to (Sitzman & Lisa 13), the environment influences the behaviors and conducts of people to the extent that it at times supersedes their genetic make-up. People’s behaviors and conducts are influenced largely by the environment as opposed to their genetic composition. As a result, these individuals are prone to contracting the diseases and illnesses prevalent in those regions. Therefore, when attending to patients, it is important to consider their geographical location, race, tribe, and gender, since; some illness affects different groupings and localities. Some cultures are known to inhibit organizational transformation while others support innovations and personal development. Additionally, to properly manage the patients and the culture of an organization, the management needs to devise a good strategy involving a deeper approach to the culture.
Health care institutions are required to outline steps that can best help an organization in formulating a developmental culture and sub-culture or modify the existing culture if it is undermining performance. Understanding the current cultural situation is crucial in creating a good climate for a change of culture. This starts with recruitment, selection, and replacement of employees. However, this process purely depends on whether there is a need for an entire cultural shifting or upholding the current cultural situation. The management needs to create a climate for cultural change if the current one is underperforming or retain the culture.
Participation of employees in the whole process of culture formation is crucial for its effectiveness. Organizational culture creates a sense of belonging whereby all employees have the sense of belonging to that particular culture by working under that set of sound practices identified to the particular firm. Therefore, they need to understand the climate they are working in for them to fit well into the system.
Influence of leaders in setting cultural standards is of great impact overall institutional culture. They also reward individuals or groups that espouse the popular beliefs and values as well as the underlying assumptions of the organization by the existing culture. The leadership of an organization is critical when determining an organizational culture. Executives, supervisors, and managers help in demonstrating the appropriate and accepted standards forming a culture. They also have an obligation to punish sub-cultures that cannot comply with the organization’s vision, mission and core values.
Counseling profession is a complex nature and counselors are spared of ethical dilemmas. Thus, counselors must take responsibility to utilize a model while making ethical decisions as a guide to ethical resolution. Nonetheless, such models are appropriate in these scenarios and counselors must decide with finality and address the implications of the far-reaching consequences. “A counselor’s final decision often carries implications far beyond office door,”
Teamwork is essential in any organization. The interaction between employees, promotes dissemination of positive cultural traits. Delegating projects to groups of employees helps in shifting focus to developmental, cultural practices as it enhances cooperation and communication within the organization. Also, team-work can serve as a way of developing talents as employees get to know their strengths and weaknesses. An organization seeking to have a more developed culture should carefully examine its existing culture in order to find areas that need improvements as well as the ones with strengths. The organization can identify malpractices undermining performance and comes up with mitigating measures for such changes. The organization also can identify positive traits and invest time and resources in developing it.
Application of Parse theory
Parse theory advances that human being constitutes a combination of factors, and therefore, it is of paramount importance to consider the factors when advancing health care. However, if one of these factors inhibit the care-giving to a patient, then, the factor should be disregarded and the same communicated to the patient (Benner 192). Also, it is the responsibility of the nurses to understand these factors and how they affect the provision of the health care to the patients. Training on culture varies from an organization to another with some firms having a formal social training program while others have their employees learning by themselves from their peers. An organization seeking to cultivate a developmental culture ought to form a formal cultural training program for staff. A rewards system within an organization needs to be embraced to encourage good behavior, and through this, it would be promoting change in values and an entire change in organizational culture. They should also participate in national recognition and reward schemes that reward the winning organization cultures.
Every organization has a culture; therefore, it is the duty of the management to find out if the existing culture is in line with the overall corporation goals. The success of an organization relies heavily on the culture it holds, therefore; it needs proper understanding and management strategies to be able to enhance its culture. Also, employees need to embrace a good culture in the organization for their good and the benefits of the organization.
Additionally, the loss of life due to the wrong diagnosis, causes the economy to suffer a lot since the productivity is severely affected. Countries channel more resources to the healthcare sector since treatment of diseases is costly and unless the government’s chip in, the population suffers most. This is evidenced by the costs incurred when pursuing private mediation. As a matter of facts, fewer people in the world afford private medication at private hospitals or in the private wings hospitals located in the public hospitals. The explanation for the higher costs in private facilities is simple and unambiguous; the owner of the facility prices the services at an amount that will enable pay all the doctors, nurses, and all other staff, and remain with a profit since he or she runs a private entity. Therefore, any idea that private clinics offer superior services as compared to the public hospitals is just a misconception. However, there are some instances where laxity among nurses at public hospitals is reported. The main argument advanced for the laxity in public hospitals is the low motivation to work. Public hospitals remunerate their staff lower than in the private facilities, as such nurses and doctors in public hospitals earn less than their colleagues working in the private hospitals (Canadian Virtual Hospice n.p). Also, private hospitals are more organized than the public hospitals and are well equipped, whereas, one shouldn’t be surprised when he or she is advised to buy drugs in the private chemists after being treated in a public hospital
Application of Zderad and Paterson theory
Zderad and Paterson theory is based on two approaches, humanist approach, and existentialism. Humanism focuses on each’s personal experiences and situations ((Benner 195). Humanism attempts to personalize experiences since people respond differently to the same choice. On the other hand, existentialism gives individuals a chance to express their free choice while at the same time showing higher levels of responsibility. For instance, engaging in activities that do not promote the welfare of the patients is unethical. For examples, Lack of drugs in the public hospitals is partly contributed by the delay in the disbursement of funds by the national government since the national government fully funds public hospitals. Another reason for the lack of drugs in public hospitals is mismanagement of funds and corruption. Government jobs are the most stable, and it’s not easy to be fired from the private sector. Secondly, there is little or no pressure to perform as opposed to the private entities. This leaves a wide gap or a leeway for the incompetent managers and looters to siphon the public coffers.
Therefore, the government has a crucial role to play in streamlining the operations of the public hospitals. There is an urgent need for a structured policy framework specifically for the operations of the public hospitals (Canadian Virtual Hospice n.p). Also, the government should carry out continuous staff audit and appraisal to keep the medical staff on toes. The audit will instill a sense of responsibility into the staff and will always offer the best services if any promotion is purely based on the performance. The governments should also enact policies aimed at controlling the nurses’ and doctors’ board since these medical officers use their respective boards to sabotage the operations of public hospitals and to tolerate incompetence and laziness. When the nurses and doctors feel that their career is under threat due to their own negligence, they run under their board and instruct them to paralyze operations in the hospitals should the government proceed with the punishment. It is unfortunate and regrettable that the government I unable to instill some sanity in public hospitals due to the biased boards, which only focuses on the welfare of their members but not the welfare of the health sector.
During a calamity, for instance, Hurricane, tsunami or earthquakes, the government agencies, private corporations and the general public join hands and work as a team in carrying out the operation of rescuing the trapped people in the fallen buildings and the properties. As a registered nurse manager in the emergency room during the Hurricanes calamity my role will be to oversee a successful rescue mission. My team will comprise of the nurses and the clinical officers doing treatment, the search and rescue team and the supply distribution team. The success of an evacuation process largely depends on the evacuation plan employed. For instance, in the case that people are trapped inside a building a map of the building is an essential component of the process. The search and rescue team will employ the most suitable plan to ensure that many people as possible are evacuated. Secondly, the evacuation plan will result in few or no secondary injuries inflicted on the survivors during the rescue process.
Application of Benner’s model of skill acquisition
Benner’s model is based on the skills, competence and experience. The advocated for techne and Phronesis. A nurse or any medical personnel are as good as the skills and the practical wisdom they possess since this wisdom guide them when performing various services when rendering their services. According to (Parker & Marlaine 35), emergency triage, treatment is the process of administering treatment to the patients based on the urgency of their respective cases. The nurses at the rescue camps will assess the need for on-site triage, treatment and recommend treatment accordingly. Effective communication during an emergency is vital. The participants during the emergency need to have a clear way of relaying information to each other (Canadian Virtual Hospice n.p). The search and rescue team need to communicate every new detail regarding any person saved or anybody found to the emergency camp and the food suppliers. With this timely information, the medical personnel act timely. Parker & Marlaine (39) postulate that 20% of the people die as a result of poor distribution of supplies. The logistics involved in the transportation of the supplies significantly determine the success of the whole evacuation process. These supplies involve the medical equipment, drugs, the excavators and the foodsstuff to the evacuated people. A significant number of people die as a result of poor care and wrong treatment after evacuation. Though hurricanes is a natural disaster, the people that are worst affected are the one who lives in riskier houses. The riskier houses include the tall houses in the areas prone to hurricanes and earthquakes. Since the success of combating the calamity is collaborative, the governments need to step up and re-examine the laws governing construction.
The operations of healthcare organizations attract interests from various stakeholders. The primary stakeholders of the health care system are the patients, doctors, nurses, the board of management and the community. According to the physician-patient relationship, the doctor owes the patient the primary duty of care. The nurses and the other medics are obliged to provide the best care to the patient under the nursing ethics. The board oversees the management and monitors the quality of the services rendered to the patients. Besides, the administration using the nursing informatics systems, controls the finances, surrounding community partnership and the application and maintenance of ethical standards by all the employees.
Mostly, data integration at any health organization saves time previously wasted in obtaining information and directions regarding an individual issue. It is imperative for the nursing and informatics systems to be designed and implemented in ways that are accessible to the participants. Efficient reliance on information from the management to all the staffs in the health system is crucial. A good system is client based. In this case, clients being patients should have their needs met and prioritized. Ethical standards distinguish the quality of services offered by different health organization.
Works cited
Benner, Patricia.Using the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition to Describe and Interpret Skill Acquisition and Clinical Judgement in Nursing Practice and Education.Pp 190-195, 2004.
Canadian Virtual Hospice. A story About Care. 2012. Retrieved on 8th March 2018 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmjNiMHT8xo&feature=youtu.be
Parker, Marilyn E, and Marlaine C. Smith. Nursing Theories & Nursing Practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, pp 33-60, 2010. Print.
Sitzman, Kathleen, and Lisa W. Eichelberger. Understanding the Work of Nursing Theorists: A Creative Beginning. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, pp 13-15, 2011. Print