Individual assignment 2

A hunting and gathering society is characterized by small families, high interdependence, and low inequality with the family being the primary institution. Labor division is defined on the basis of gender. Men are hunters and women the gatherers. Horticultural and pastoral societies are relatively larger with more inequality compared to hunting and gathering societies. They use simple tools to grow crops and also raise livestock. Agricultural societies are characterized by the growth of more crops using developed tools such as plow and oxen. They are wealthier than horticultural and pastoral societies but have higher levels of conflicts. Industrial societies have high levels of individualism and involve the use of factories and machines. They have low conflicts. Postindustrial societies are characterized by higher education. They involve information technology jobs. Biotech societies are characterized by a low cost of products due to use of technology. Processes have highly technical properties. (Barkan, 2011).
Primary groups are characterized by small sizes, physical closeness of members, and highly stable and inclusive relationships. Members have similar backgrounds and look to the world from a similar point of view. Secondary groups are goal-oriented and have relatively large sizes, optional membership, are governed by formal rules, and may have both active and inactive members. In-groups are characterized by the sense of ethnocentrism, feeling of unity, fellow-feeling, and adopt similar behavior.

Out-groups have dissimilar behavior, an antagonism feeling by individual towards the out-group, and the other-feeling. In reference groups, individuals feel relatively deprived and thus compare themselves to others. Social networks are highly interactive, user-based, and driven by the community. (Barkan, 2011).
One of the main leadership styles is laissez-faire. It involves minimal supervision of employees with no much regular feedback. Another common leadership style is an autocratic leadership. This leadership style involves leaders having the complete authority to make decisions without involving employees. Decision made by leaders cannot be changed. A third leadership style is the participative leadership. Participative leadership entails leaders valuing the inputs of other employees in decision-making but having to make the final decision. This is a democrat way of leading. (Breunig, 2014).
Deviance refers to the behaviors or actions that go against the norms set out in the society. For example, the assault may be considered a deviance as it violates laws against assault. Norms refer to the set of beliefs or rules that govern how people behave in the society. Norms ensure that individuals observe the accepted behaviors in the society as per the prevailing culture. The main types of sanctions are stigmatization, legal sanctions, and preference for a certain behavior. Legal sanctions are connected to actions developed by the state. Stigmatization is associated with social sanctions for unbearable behavior. A lesser social sanction may result in preference and not stigma.
The three theories of deviance are structural functionalism theory, conflict theory, and labeling theory. Structural functionalism argues that deviance helps in drawing the line between the acceptable and unacceptable behaviors in the society. This helps in affirming the norms in a certain society. The conflict theory suggests that deviant people in the society act defiantly in response to political and social inequalities in the society in order to initiate changes and to bring equality. The labeling theory is associated with the idea that individuals act defiantly when a certain defiant label is associated with them. Thus, if the defiant behavior is forced on them, they adopt the behavior and exhibit actions and behaviors related to that label. (Barkan, 2011).
References
Barkan, S. (2011). Sociology: Understanding and changing the social world. Flat World Knowledge, Incorporated.
Breunig, M. (2014). Leadership Styles and Ethics. Leadership in Recreation and Leisure Services, 96.