Occupational Therapy Models Coursework Example

Occupational Therapy Models
Name
Institution Affiliation
Title of Model: Occupational behavior
Theoretical Components Summary
Focus (OT framework domains, practice areas, health conditions, or specific populations) Focuses on preventing and reducing disruptions and incapacities resulting from injury and illness.
The model is meant to help all persons regardless of age or abilities.
The model Stresses the significance of childhood play in the development of future work and productivity.
Theorists (Whose theories have contributed?) The theory was developed by Mary Reilly.
She argued that man can influence the state of his health by using his hands as they are energized by the mind.
She also suggested that therapists should look beyond the medical perspective by widening their scope.
Function (How does theory view healthy or optimal functioning? The model considers health as the ability to seek, undertake, and adapt to occupations that satisfy the needs of an individual and the society.
Disability (How is disability defined?) The model defines disability as a state of suffering that arises from lack of achievement, competency, and occupational fulfillment.
Change (How does change occur, according to this theory?) According to the theory, change is achieved through personal dynamics and can be reinforced using the intrinsic personal drive to mastery which is innate (Cole and Tufano 2008).
Motivation (What motivates a client to change?) Individuals can be motivated to change their occupational behavior if they the change is rewarding or meaningful.

Evaluation (What formal or informal assessments are offered?) Some of the assessments that can be used in the model include interest checklists, inventory of occupational choice skills, the Takata's play history questionnaire.
Intervention Guidelines (What specific therapeutic techniques or strategies have been developed?) Interventions include encouraging adaptation and life fulfillment using occupations.
Reilly stressed the significance of occupational therapy in helping clients improve their lives rather than fixing their problems (Cole and Tufano 2008).
Research (To what extent has this theory been validated through research?) Research shows that the model is difficult to apply in real life situations and it is, therefore, a conceptual inspiration for other models.

Title of Model: Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)
Theoretical Components Summary
Focus (OT framework domains, practice areas, health conditions, or specific populations) The main focus of the model is how the environment influences an individual’s motivation, performance, and behavior patterns.
The model illustrates the significance of the connection between the mind and the body in the depiction of the interconnection between motivation and performance of occupation (Cole and Tufano 2008).
The domains highlighted by the model are temporal, physical, and social-cultural contexts.
The model stipulates that volition, habituation, and performance exists within each person.
Theorists (Whose theories have contributed?) The theory was developed by Gary Kielhofner in 1975.
Function (How does theory view healthy or optimal functioning? The model regards a healthy person as one who can choose, organize, and perform meaningful occupations.
The model argues that a person becomes competent and demonstrates the role of self-fulfillment when he or she learns to balance individual and social expectations (Cole and Tufano 2008).
Disability (How is disability defined?) The model defines disability as the dysfunctional behavior pattern that does not contribute to quality life.
The disability is perceived as helplessness and incompetence.
Change (How does change occur, according to this theory?) According to the model, change is characterized by an alteration in the individual’s internal or external structure that in turn creates a shift in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Cole and Tufano 2008).
The change is also evident when the individual begins to engage in productive and meaningful activities.
Motivation (What motivates a client to change?) A client is motivated to change the aspects of the volitional subsystem. The aspects are person's interests and values as well as the sense of personal causation.
The assumption about motivation I the model are influenced by ego psychology and cognitive theory.
Evaluation (What formal or informal assessments are offered?) Structure assessment tools used in the model include observational measures, questionnaires, and checklists, self-report and structured interviews.

Intervention Guidelines (What specific therapeutic techniques or strategies have been developed?) The underlying intervention principle is that occupational therapy helps the client change.
The internal processing subsystems and the client's environment should be appreciated as to improve occupational performance.
Research (To what extent has this theory been validated through research?) The MOHO model is the most widely used model. Numerous studies show that it is effective in assessment, goal setting, and conducting interventions.
Title of Model: Occupational Adaptation
Theoretical Components Summary
Focus (OT framework domains, practice areas, health conditions, or specific populations) The model focuses on the interaction between an individual and the environment surrounding his or her environment.
Its primary goals are to improve the adaptive characteristics rather than functional skills (Cole and Tufano 2008).

Theorists (Whose theories have contributed?) .the model was first published by Schkade and Schultz in 1992.
Theories that contributed to its development include the Sensory Integration by Ayres and Spatiotemporal Adaptation by Gilfoyle, Grandy, and Moore.
Other theorists who have contributed to the theory include Anne Henderson and Lela Llorens (Cole and Tufano 2008).
Function (How does theory view healthy or optimal functioning? The theory considers a healthy person to be one who can engage and perform his or her roles with mastery in a different environment.
Disability (How is disability defined?) Disability is defined as incompetence in performing occupational roles as a result of the environmental disruption.
Change (How does change occur, according to this theory?) When the report from the client shows an improvement in mastery
When the client shows adaptive responses to similar and new situations
When a new adaptation from the client is observed for the first time.
Motivation (What motivates a client to change?)
The person is motivated when he or she finds the adaptation to be meaningful and desires it
and when the environmental demands are manageable and lie within an adaptive nature.
Likewise, they feel motivated when the environmental press equals the individual's ability to adapt and perform successfully (Cole and Tufano 2008)).
Evaluation (What formal or informal assessments are offered?)
Determine the person's strengths and weaknesses in sensorimotor, cognitive, and psychological performance
Analyze the environmental demands and roles related to the client’s physical, social, and cultural contexts.
Evaluate for strengths that initiate relative mastery and weaknesses that contribute to incompetency.
Determine the client’s ability to adapt internally using the OT assessments and tools.
Intervention Guidelines (What specific therapeutic techniques or strategies have been developed?) Assist the client to identify occupational roles that are meaningful
Facilitate the client's participation in meaningful activities
Heighten the client's strengths
Facilitate the adaptation process using occupational activities.
Increase the client’s self-evaluation capabilities
Research (To what extent has this theory been validated ) Existing researcher shows that the model is effective in increasing independent functioning.
Title of Model: KAWA
Theoretical Components Summary
Focus (OT framework domains, practice areas, health conditions, or specific populations) The focus of the model is to illustrate the relevance and purpose of occupational therapy interventions.
It communicates the nature of people from a collective perspective which is inseparable from natural and spiritual context.
The four main constructs of the model are the river, the riverbanks, the rocks, and the driftwood (Teoh and Iwama 2010).
The model can be used on individual, groups, organizations or families.
Theorists (Whose theories have contributed?) The model was developed by Dr. Michael Iwama in 2000.
Function (How does theory view healthy or optimal functioning? Live in harmony.
Coexistence and interdependence within an individual context.
The lifeblood of the harmony is life flow.
Disability (How is disability defined?) Disability is defined by rocks that bock life circumstances (Teoh and Iwama 2010).
Failure to develop a balance in the life flow.
Change (How does change occur, according to this theory?) Change occurs according to the occupation of a social group.
Change is observed when the self is embedded in context rather than the separate entity.
Motivation (What motivates a client to change?)
The client is motivated by restoring their life flow (Teoh and Iwama 2010).
Understand the complexity of the experiences of the client from their viewpoint, words, and through a reversal of power.
Evaluation (What formal or informal assessments are offered?) The model can be used as a river metaphor.
It can also be used as a metaphor in other forms such as mountain or traffic metaphor.
Intervention Guidelines (What specific therapeutic techniques or strategies have been developed?) The model facilitates the participants to engage in occupation-based therapy by showing what is meaningful an important to them.
To identify personal assets and liabilities, and the environmental issues that affect life flow.
A river without the obstacles represents a healthy state.
Research (To what extent has this theory been validated through research?) Limited research that has been conducted to support the effectiveness of the KAWA model.

Title of Model: Ecology of Human Performance
Theoretical Components Summary
Focus (OT framework domains, practice areas, health conditions, or specific populations) It focuses on people of different ages and needs.
The model emphasizes health promotion and rehabilitation attitude.
The contexts from an OT viewpoint include cultural, physical, and social environments.
Theorists (Whose theories have contributed?) Designed by Winnie Dunn and her associates at the University of Kansas Medical Center
Barris developed the foundational assumptions of the environmental role that lead to arousal.
Howe and Briggs proposed an ecological system to study the relationship between the environment and the organism.
Function (How does theory view healthy or optimal functioning? Optimal functioning is portrayed by the high performance of tasks.
The individual can perform numerous roles.
The individuals show interest and abilities.
The can manage their barriers of the context by integrating expectations and support.
Disability (How is disability defined?) Evident when the person, context, and the tasks are not compatible.
Results when an unbalanced relationship between a person's variables and individual context causes a fault in human performance.
Change (How does change occur, according to this theory?) Change occurs when the persons begin to engage in tasks that they find meaningful.
OTs facilitates better task performance when changes are no longer possible.
Motivation (What motivates a client to change?) Motivation is by asking the persons what they want.
Evaluation (What formal or informal assessments are offered?) Personal variable worksheets.
Temporal environment checklist.
Physical environment checklist.
Cultural environment checklist.
Task analysis worksheet.
Priorities worksheet.
Intervention Guidelines (What specific therapeutic techniques or strategies have been developed?) Establish and restore
Adapt or modify
Alter
Prevent
Create
Research (To what extent has this theory been validated through research?) Research has been conducted to measure the effectiveness of the model in teaching adults and grocery shopping to individuals with severe mental illness.

Title of Model: Person-Environment-Occupation model (PEOM)
Theoretical Components Summary
Focus (OT framework domains, practice areas, health conditions, or specific populations) The model focuses on occupations that influence a person’s life, and performance
The domains of the model are context and environment, clients’ factors, and performance skill and patterns.
Suitable for groups, individuals, and institutions.
Theorists (Whose theories have contributed?) The model is based on, neural-behavioral theories, environmental theory, general systems theory and behavioral psychology.
The theorist who contributed to the development of the model includes Howe and Briggs, Reilly, Reed and Sanderson, and Law.
Other theories include the ecological theory of aging by Lawton and Nahemow's and Csikszentmihalyi's view on adaptation.
Function (How does theory view healthy or optimal functioning? A client is considered healthy when he or she shows sufficient levels of competency to master occupations
The person demonstrates occupational performance and a balance between the self and environmental needs.
Disability (How is disability defined?) Disability is defined when the occupational performance of the person is limited or restricted
It is also considered when the dysfunction patterns develop such that the person cannot perform his or her roles competently.
Change (How does change occur, according to this theory?) Change occurs when the persons show the desire to explore their environment and show mastery in the occupation (Cole and Tufano 2008)).
The persons begin to integrate their perceptions into intervention plans.
Motivation (What motivates a client to change?) The client is motivated to change by human agency and intrinsic factors.
From mastery of the occupation and the sense of self-identity, the person derives a sense of self-fulfillment.
Evaluation (What formal or informal assessments are offered?) The evaluation process begins with the assessment of the client’s perception.
The assessments include interviews such as occupational self-assessment, the Canadian occupational performance measure, activity card sort, interest checklist, role checklist, occupational performance history interview II, and occupational self-assessment (Cole and Tufano 2008)).
Intervention Guidelines (What specific therapeutic techniques or strategies have been developed?) The objective of the intervention should be to improve the competence in occupational performance, improve the sense of well-being and adopt to life-long skills
The intervention should also enhance abilities, occupation for meaningful participation as well as mastery.
Research (To what extent has this theory been validated through research?) Numerous studies have proven the validity of the model.
The studies have shown the relationship between mental health problems and the occupational environment, work re-entry for people with disabilities, and the relationship between old persons and their physical environment.
References
Cole, M. B., & Tufano, R. (2008). Applied theories in occupational therapy: A practicalapproach. Hamden, Conn: SLACK Inc.
Teoh and Iwama (2015). “The Kawa Model Manual.” Retrieved (March 14, 2018) http://www.kawamodel.com/v1/index.php/about/