Outline Brachial Plexus Coursework Example

Magee:
Pg. 29- Table 1-13 fill in Classifications of nerve injuries according to Seddon
Grade of Injury Definition Signs and Symptoms
Neuropraxia
(Sunderland type 1)
Neuropraxia is a transient physiological inhibitor that is caused by ischemia which results from the stretch and pressure of the nerve without Wallerian stretch ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.4103/0971-3026.137025”, “ISBN” : “0971-3026 (Print)\r0970-2016 (Linking)”, “ISSN” : “0971-3026”, “PMID” : “25114384”, “abstract” : “The Seddon and Sunderland classifications have been used by physicians for peripheral nerve injury grading and treatment. While Seddon classification is simpler to follow and more relevant to electrophysiologists, the Sunderland grading is more often used by surgeons to decide when and how to intervene. With increasing availability of high-resolution and high soft-tissue contrast imaging provided by MR neurography, the surgical treatment can be guided following the above-described grading systems. The article discusses peripheral nerve anatomy, pathophysiology of nerve injury, traditional grading systems for classifying the severity of nerve injury, and the role of MR neurography in this domain, with respective clinical and surgical correlations, as one follows the anatomic paths of various nerve injury grading systems.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Chhabra”, “given” : “Avneesh”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Ahlawat”, “given” : “Shivani”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Belzberg”, “given” : “Allan”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Andreseik”, “given” : “Gustav”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “3”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2014” ] ] }, “page” : “217”, “title” : “Peripheral nerve injury grading simplified on MR neurography: As referenced to Seddon and Sunderland classifications”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “24” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.

mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c5ac0e47-5cfc-48a4-b0f6-a2af2d38024c” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Chhabra et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Chhabra et al. 217)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Chhabra et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Chhabra et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }(Chhabra et al. 217). The feeling of numbness.
Recovery time ranges from a few minutes to several days.
Muscle weakness.
Minimal or no muscle degeneration.
Proprioception is affected.
And pain.
Axonotmesis
(Sunderland type 2 and 3)
It is a nerve injury whereby the axons are extensively damaged leading to Wallerian degeneration, despite their internal structure being preserved ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.4103/0971-3026.137025”, “ISBN” : “0971-3026 (Print)\r0970-2016 (Linking)”, “ISSN” : “0971-3026”, “PMID” : “25114384”, “abstract” : “The Seddon and Sunderland classifications have been used by physicians for peripheral nerve injury grading and treatment. While Seddon classification is simpler to follow and more relevant to electrophysiologists, the Sunderland grading is more often used by surgeons to decide when and how to intervene. With increasing availability of high-resolution and high soft-tissue contrast imaging provided by MR neurography, the surgical treatment can be guided following the above-described grading systems. The article discusses peripheral nerve anatomy, pathophysiology of nerve injury, traditional grading systems for classifying the severity of nerve injury, and the role of MR neurography in this domain, with respective clinical and surgical correlations, as one follows the anatomic paths of various nerve injury grading systems.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Chhabra”, “given” : “Avneesh”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Ahlawat”, “given” : “Shivani”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Belzberg”, “given” : “Allan”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Andreseik”, “given” : “Gustav”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “3”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2014” ] ] }, “page” : “217”, “title” : “Peripheral nerve injury grading simplified on MR neurography: As referenced to Seddon and Sunderland classifications”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “24” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c5ac0e47-5cfc-48a4-b0f6-a2af2d38024c” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Chhabra et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Chhabra et al. 217)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Chhabra et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Chhabra et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }(Chhabra et al. 217). There is the evidence of muscle degeneration.
Pain
Motor, sensory, and sympathetic functions are completely lost.
In many cases, the sensation is restored before motor functions.
Requires months of recovery time because axons regenerate at a rate of 1”/month.
Neurotmesis
(Sunderland Type 3, 4, 5)
This nerve injury is characterized by severe destruction of the nerve structure through severe compression, extreme scarring, or cut ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.4103/0971-3026.137025”, “ISBN” : “0971-3026 (Print)\r0970-2016 (Linking)”, “ISSN” : “0971-3026”, “PMID” : “25114384”, “abstract” : “The Seddon and Sunderland classifications have been used by physicians for peripheral nerve injury grading and treatment. While Seddon classification is simpler to follow and more relevant to electrophysiologists, the Sunderland grading is more often used by surgeons to decide when and how to intervene. With increasing availability of high-resolution and high soft-tissue contrast imaging provided by MR neurography, the surgical treatment can be guided following the above-described grading systems. The article discusses peripheral nerve anatomy, pathophysiology of nerve injury, traditional grading systems for classifying the severity of nerve injury, and the role of MR neurography in this domain, with respective clinical and surgical correlations, as one follows the anatomic paths of various nerve injury grading systems.”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Chhabra”, “given” : “Avneesh”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Ahlawat”, “given” : “Shivani”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Belzberg”, “given” : “Allan”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Andreseik”, “given” : “Gustav”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issue” : “3”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2014” ] ] }, “page” : “217”, “title” : “Peripheral nerve injury grading simplified on MR neurography: As referenced to Seddon and Sunderland classifications”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “24” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c5ac0e47-5cfc-48a4-b0f6-a2af2d38024c” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Chhabra et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Chhabra et al. 217)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Chhabra et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Chhabra et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }(Chhabra et al. 217). Anesthetic (No pain)
Extensive muscle wasting.
Recovery time might take months and only after surgery.
Motor, sympathetic, and sensory roles are completely lost.
Magee: pg. 261 figure 5-12 Describe the 4 common causes of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.(Scalenus Anterior Syndrome, Cervical Rib Syndrome, Costoclavicular space syndrome, Hyperabduction syndrome)
The Scalenus Anterior Syndrome is one of the causes of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS). SAS results from the compression or friction on the nerves and blood vessels because of the abnormal positioning or insertion of the anterior scalene muscle ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1016/B978-0-7020-3528-9.00010-8”, “ISBN” : “9781447143666 (electronic bk.); 1447143663 (electronic bk.); 9781447143659”, “ISSN” : “0003-4975”, “PMID” : “5748008”, “abstract” : “Thoracic outlet syndrome is a well-described disorder caused by thoracic outlet compression of the brachial plexus and/or the subclavian vessels. Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is the most common manifestation, presenting with pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and vasomotor changes of the upper extremity. Vascular complications of thoracic outlet syndrome are uncommon and include thromboembolicphenomenaandswelling.Theclinical presentation is highly variable, and no reproducible study exists to confirm the diagnosis; instead, the diagnosis is based on a physicianu2019s judgment after a meticulous history and physical examination. Both nonsurgical and surgical treatment methods are available for thoracic outlet syndrome. Whereas nonsurgical management appears to be effective in some persons, surgical treatment has been shown to provide predictable long-term cure rates for carefully selected patients. In addition, physicians who do not regularly treat patients with thoracic outlet syndrome may not have an accurate view of this disorder, its treatment, or the possible success rate of treatment”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Kuhn”, “given” : “J”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Lebus”, “given” : “G”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Bible”, “given” : “J”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Copyright”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2015” ] ] }, “page” : “222-232”, “title” : “Thoracic outlet syndrome.”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “23” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a0e4bf6e-a114-4ec5-9cf4-7bad0500b494” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Kuhn et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Kuhn et al. 222)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Kuhn et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Kuhn et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }(Kuhn et al. 222).
The Cervical Rib Syndrome is a congenital disease that results from the extra growth of the rib situated in the lower cervical spine. It does not often present symptoms, but some symptoms can manifest due to individual challenges with posture. The extra bone exerts pressure on the blood vessels and nerves that eventually cause symptoms ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1016/B978-0-7020-3528-9.00010-8”, “ISBN” : “9781447143666 (electronic bk.); 1447143663 (electronic bk.); 9781447143659”, “ISSN” : “0003-4975”, “PMID” : “5748008”, “abstract” : “Thoracic outlet syndrome is a well-described disorder caused by thoracic outlet compression of the brachial plexus and/or the subclavian vessels. Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is the most common manifestation, presenting with pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and vasomotor changes of the upper extremity. Vascular complications of thoracic outlet syndrome are uncommon and include thromboembolicphenomenaandswelling.Theclinical presentation is highly variable, and no reproducible study exists to confirm the diagnosis; instead, the diagnosis is based on a physicianu2019s judgment after a meticulous history and physical examination. Both nonsurgical and surgical treatment methods are available for thoracic outlet syndrome. Whereas nonsurgical management appears to be effective in some persons, surgical treatment has been shown to provide predictable long-term cure rates for carefully selected patients. In addition, physicians who do not regularly treat patients with thoracic outlet syndrome may not have an accurate view of this disorder, its treatment, or the possible success rate of treatment”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Kuhn”, “given” : “J”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Lebus”, “given” : “G”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Bible”, “given” : “J”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Copyright”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2015” ] ] }, “page” : “222-232”, “title” : “Thoracic outlet syndrome.”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “23” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a0e4bf6e-a114-4ec5-9cf4-7bad0500b494” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Kuhn et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Kuhn et al. 223)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Kuhn et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Kuhn et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }(Kuhn et al. 223).
Costoclavicular space syndrome is the narrowing of the space between the first rib and the clavicle. This syndrome can be caused by the tightening of the subclavius, the bending of the first rib against or towards the Claviceps, the narrowing of the costoclavicular passage that pushes the scapula forward, as well as poor posture ADDIN CSL_CITATION { “citationItems” : [ { “id” : “ITEM-1”, “itemData” : { “DOI” : “10.1016/B978-0-7020-3528-9.00010-8”, “ISBN” : “9781447143666 (electronic bk.); 1447143663 (electronic bk.); 9781447143659”, “ISSN” : “0003-4975”, “PMID” : “5748008”, “abstract” : “Thoracic outlet syndrome is a well-described disorder caused by thoracic outlet compression of the brachial plexus and/or the subclavian vessels. Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is the most common manifestation, presenting with pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and vasomotor changes of the upper extremity. Vascular complications of thoracic outlet syndrome are uncommon and include thromboembolicphenomenaandswelling.Theclinical presentation is highly variable, and no reproducible study exists to confirm the diagnosis; instead, the diagnosis is based on a physicianu2019s judgment after a meticulous history and physical examination. Both nonsurgical and surgical treatment methods are available for thoracic outlet syndrome. Whereas nonsurgical management appears to be effective in some persons, surgical treatment has been shown to provide predictable long-term cure rates for carefully selected patients. In addition, physicians who do not regularly treat patients with thoracic outlet syndrome may not have an accurate view of this disorder, its treatment, or the possible success rate of treatment”, “author” : [ { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Kuhn”, “given” : “J”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Lebus”, “given” : “G”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” }, { “dropping-particle” : “”, “family” : “Bible”, “given” : “J”, “non-dropping-particle” : “”, “parse-names” : false, “suffix” : “” } ], “container-title” : “Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Copyright”, “id” : “ITEM-1”, “issued” : { “date-parts” : [ [ “2015” ] ] }, “page” : “222-232”, “title” : “Thoracic outlet syndrome.”, “type” : “article-journal”, “volume” : “23” }, “uris” : [ “http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a0e4bf6e-a114-4ec5-9cf4-7bad0500b494” ] } ], “mendeley” : { “formattedCitation” : “(Kuhn et al.)”, “manualFormatting” : “(Kuhn et al. 224)”, “plainTextFormattedCitation” : “(Kuhn et al.)”, “previouslyFormattedCitation” : “(Kuhn et al.)” }, “properties” : { }, “schema” : “https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json” }(Kuhn et al. 224).
The Hyperabduction Syndrome is caused by compression of the axillary artery or subclavian or the brachial plexus, beneath the costoclavicular space or below the pectoralis minor tendon during the extensive hyperabduction of the upper arm.
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56102252753360278130030581605038725281051038176205620385C5 Nerve Root
C6 Nerve Root
C7 Nerve Root
C8 Nerve Root
T1 Nerve Root
0C5 Nerve Root
C6 Nerve Root
C7 Nerve Root
C8 Nerve Root
T1 Nerve Root
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COMPLETE DETAILED DRAWING OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND SHOW IT TO ME WITH YOUR OUTLINE FOR FULL CREDIT ON THIS OUTLINE.
5048250193040723900221615Musculocutaneous nerve Lateral cord Superior trunk Roots
27336746985006191252165355553075111760C5
405765018542041243251758946858002711451304924147320005534025147320
C6
52673251892301409700208280283844918923000166687593980Axillary nervePosterior cord middle trunk
5429251485904114800148590704850914391752600139065237172413906600237172412954000C7
20954994127600Median nerveRadial nerve
5534025124460C8
30289501981200053435251504960060960016954514001751504955476875121920
95250013970T1
Ulnar nerve Medial Cord Inferior trunk
Work cited
ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chhabra, Avneesh, et al. “Peripheral Nerve Injury Grading Simplified on MR Neurography: As Referenced to Seddon and Sunderland Classifications.” Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging, vol. 24, no. 3, 2014, p. 217, doi:10.4103/0971-3026.137025.
Kuhn, J., et al. “Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.” Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Copyright, vol. 23, 2015, pp. 222–32, doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3528-9.00010-8.
Leinberry, Charles F., and Marwan A. Wehbé. “Brachial Plexus Anatomy.” Hand Clinics, vol. 20, no. 1, 2004, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1016/S0749-0712(03)00088-X.