PLEASE FILL THE PAPERS

Question 1
Mitosis is a form of cell division where a single cell divides in a process which leads to the production of two genetically identical daughter cells. This is a procedure by which new cells are produced by the body for repair and growth of worn-out tissues in the entire body. It is also known as binary fission.
Meiosis is a type of cell division by which the cell divides into four daughter cells each of which contains half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures contained in the nucleus of the cell in the body.
Chromatin is a compound structure of proteins and DNA that forms chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Centromere is the section of a chromosome where the two chromatids are joined together. The centromere is attached to the spindle during meiosis and mitosis.
Spindle is a complex structure of small fibers composed of microtubules that form during cell division to isolate the sister chromatids between daughter cells.
Centrioles are cylinder-like structures that are comprised of multiple microtubules. Centrioles are usually found in animal cells and play an important role in cell division.
Cytokinesis is the process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells during cell division.
Kinetochore is a protein structure that is formed on a chromatid during the process of cell division and enhances it to hold to a spindle fiber on a chromosome.
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes from each parent that are alike in gene position, length and centromere position.

Synapsis is the process by which two chromosomes pair during meiosis. This process allows exchange of genetic material and crossover.
A Tetrad is a structure created by the synapsis of homologous chromosomes during the prophase 1 of meiosis.
Nucleoulus is that part located at the center of the nucleus of a cell. The size varies depending on the organism. It is composed of proteins, DNA and RNA.
Chiasma is that section by which two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during the process of meiosis where chromosomal crossover occurs
Sister chromatid refers to two similar chromatids created from the replication of a single chromatid attached together by a centromere. Cell plate is a plate that develops at the center between two groups of chromosomes in a cell which is dividing and enhances the formation of a wall between two daughter cells. This process occurs during the last stage of mitosis which is referred to as telophase.
Cleavage furrow is that section where cells separate during the process of meiosis
Diploid cells are reproduced by the process of mitosis and have two complete sets of chromosomes. For instance, blood, muscle, and skin cells.
Haploid cells are produced from the process of meiosis and contain half the number of chromosomes. For instance, cells used in sexual reproduction.
Crossing over is the crossing over of homologous chromosomes and this allows the exchange of different sections of their genetic material leading to the formation of recombinant chromosomes.
Mycelium is multiple hyphae that comprises the vegetative part of a fungus.
Ascocarp is the reproductive structure in fungi where the haploid nuclei combine to enhance the formation of zygote.
Ascas is a structure which is saclike which developed by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota in which spores are sexually produced.
Synaptonemal complex is a protein structure created between two homologous chromosomes during the process of meiosis and studies suggest that it enhances the chromosome synapsis, recombination and pairing.
Question 2
The process of mitosis consists of four stages; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Prophase stage: At this stage, the cell starts to divide and repairing others therefore it is the phase for division of the chromosomes.
Metaphase stage: It is where the spindle captures all the chromosomes and aligns them at the center of the cell, ready for division.
Anaphase stage: It is the stage where the sister chromatids move to the opposite ends of the cell and break up from each other.
Telophase: It the last stage where the cell is dividing and begins to form its normal structures as the process of cytokinesis occurs
Question 4
The process of meiosis involves two divisions. The first division involves four stages.
Prophase 1: This phase is where the chromatids condenses. Every chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids. Crossing over also occurs in this stage.
Metaphase 1: At this stage, the homologous chromosomes arrange in a line at the equatorial plate.
Anaphase 1: During this stage, there is separation of the homologous pairs with the sister chromatids remaining attached.
Telophase 1: At this stage, there is formation of two daughter cells with every daughter cell having only one chromosome of the homologous pair.
The second division involves gamete formation
Prophase 2: At this stage, there is no replication of the DNA
Metaphase 2: Chromosomes position at the equatorial plate
Anaphase2: This stage involves the division of the centromeres and sister chromatids move separately to each pole
Telophase 2: This stage is the completion of cell division and four haploid daughter cells are developed.
Question 5
A: Anaphase 1 B: prophase 1 C: Anaphase 2 D: Telophase 1 E: Anaphase 2 F: metaphase 1
A: Anaphase 1 B: prophase 1 C: Anaphase 2 D: Telophase 1 E: Anaphase 2 F: metaphase 1
D
23
Question 6
Mitosis occurs in the apical meristem which is found in the main root tip. This is the section of the plant where continuous growth and fastest cell division occurs.
Question 7
The first role of mitosis in the body of an adult animal is growth or reproduction of new similar cells. The second role is the repairing of cells that have been damaged as a result of aging.
Question 8
The advantages that crossing over brings to reproduction is that it enhances the great amount of genetic diversity. This prevents the offspring from being identical to the parent, except for cases of mutation.

Question 9
The method of cytokenisis will not work in plants because plant cells contain a rigid and thick cell wall that prevents the formation of a furrow. Hence, the formation of the cell plate which is the future cell wall