World History Research Paper that focuses on one theme and uses evidence from three time periods.

Science and Technology Outline
Abstract
Introduction
The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900
The World Wars 1914-1945
The Contemporary World 1914- present
Works Cited

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Science and Technology
Abstract
Markedly, science and technology have been fundamental in propelling the growth of global economy. However, people disregard the process of revolution, inventions, and innovations that have been made in science and technology. The inventions in science and technology have had both constructive and fatalistic bearing on human life. For instance, the inventions in the field of agriculture led to the large reproduction of foodstuffs, improved quality of farm products, and easy control of pests and diseases. Despite the massive improvement in service delivery for agricultural companies, the inventions led to enormous loss of jobs by people who worked as laborers in the large farms and eventually resulted in massive rural-urban migration. Similarly, other fields faced similar positives and negatives since the industrial revolution period to date. Consequently, it is imperative to understand the various stages that science and technology have undergone since the industrial revolution, the two World Wars, and in the current contemporary world to help human beings to appreciate the contribution of science and technology for their personal and well-being of the society.
Introduction
Notably, most inventions in the field of science and technology have helped propel the growth and advancement of most nations across the globe and have affected people across the world both positively and negatively.

Most of these innovations in the field of science and technology began during the industrial revolution, and they were experienced in areas such as agriculture, medicine, textile and clothing industry, computer, communications, military, and transport. Markedly, the innovations were experienced differently across three major phases that had a significant effect to the current world, and they include; the Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900, the World War, 1914-1945, and the Contemporary World, 1945-Present.
The Industrial Revolution
Notably, the industrial revolution started over 200 years ago, and it altered methods and techniques used in the manufacture of several products. This period is referred to the revolution since the events that took place during that period were significant, and they happened suddenly, and it had a considerable effect on how human beings lived and carried out their daily activities. Moreover, it is imperative to comprehend that the industrial revolution contributed significantly to the presence of the modern world that we reside in today. During the industrial revolution, there were major changes in the manner of production since machines, steam, tools, and different sources of energy replaced animal and human beings. Some of the major advancements of the industrial revolution began in the mid-1700s in England where most workers in farms and textile industry became more productive since there was an influx in the number of items manufactured, prices of products reduced drastically making it easy for people across different social classes to afford and access the products consequently improving their life (Clark 3). On the other hand, the industrial revolution had its repercussions since it is believed to be the root of pollution and environmental degradation. Additionally, industrial evolution resulted in slavery since capitalists resorted to employing children and women who were forced to work in industries and farms for long hours and later paid with low wages. England is believed to be home to the industrial revolution in the 1700s since its economy was primarily based on agriculture. The rich bought large tracts of land and fenced them for cultivation purposes, this is believed to lock out small farmers forcing them to migrate to cities, and that resulted in the availability a large population of laborers in England. Moreover, Britain had numerous natural resources, which favored expansion of its economy to support the industrialization process.
Markedly, scientific and technological inventions enabled the rapid industrialization process in England with the textile industry being among the first (Marks np.). Initially, clothes were woven at home, and it took long hours to make a single cloth but this soon changed with some notable inventions that were inspired by the high demand for fabric making merchants to compete to fulfill the needs of their target market. Notably, Britain saw massive growth in the cotton industry during this period. In the 1750s, wool was among one of the oldest industries and was the primary source of income for the state, but its production was domestic since it involved numerous individuals working from home. However, the discovery of cotton propelled the textile industry with some notable inventions such as spinning jenny by Thomas Highs in 1746 and James Hargreaves in 1764. The spinning jenny had many spindles thus; it would spin cotton more quickly increasing cotton production. Furthermore, in 1769, Richard Arkwright invented and patented the water frame that was powered by the water wheel to stretch out cotton before it got twisted giving fibers more strength (Evans 144). The other notable invention was the spinning mule by Samuel Crompton in 1779, a method that consolidated both the water mule and the spinning jenny. The spinning mule enables an individual to use over a thousand spindles at once; hence, it helped increase production of cotton and improved the quality of its threads.
The other notable innovation during the industrial revolution period was the iron and its refining process since it had been a big problem before. Notably, iron was used for various agricultural practices and making bolts, nails, chains, and locks. The breakthrough in the iron industry came when an ironmaster, Henry Cort, discovered two methods of refining the iron. Cort reheated iron bars until they melted to a form of paste then mixed the paste, which he then heated it with coke. Eventually, Cort stirred the mixture to burn off carbon and other impurities and rolled up the purified iron into a puddle ball. Cort patented the process and called the process “Rolling and puddling,” and this helped England to stop importing iron from Northern Europe and this inspired it to build the largest iron industry in the world. Consequently, the cheap and robust iron spurred most industries in England that included textile, steam engines, construction, agricultural tools, railroads, and shipping industry.
Similarly, the steam engine is another invention that is believed to be the defining moment for the industrial revolution period. Steam energy is taunted to be the wheel that steered most industries in England since it denoted the shift from manpower to engine power at homes and in industries. Furthermore, the steam engine was utilized for ships and other locomotives, which helped in improving service delivery for businesses since they could quickly move raw materials from one location to another, and supply finished products across the country and other parts of Europe. The discovery of the steam engine in England was motivated by the threat of shrinking forests that were the source of wood for building and constructing major infrastructures. Similarly, people resorted to using of coal from the mines, but this was not going to last for long since the minefields were getting extinct forcing the mines to be dug deeper before little coal was discovered.
The World War
It will be an understatement to state that the World Wars contributed trivially to the development and inventions in science and Technology since most discoveries during the period of war were critical to the success and failures of some nations who were involved in the conflict. Notably, modern innovations and the current lifestyle that we enjoy in the contemporary world can be credited to the two World Wars despite wars being a terrible time as it displayed the worst about the human race. The wars had horrible loss of life and the technological inventions associated with the time can never be justified despite the innovations shaping the world. Moreover, I believe that without the two World Wars and its scientific and technological inventions, we would not be enjoying the wide range of technology we use for our daily activities. One of the great inventions of the World war was the dynamo-powered torch. Initially, power was a significant challenge, but in 1943, there was a breakthrough when Philips, which was located in the Netherlands, developed a dynamo-powered flashlight that was meant for the troops. The torch had a handle on top, and it was squeezed to generate light since it did not have a battery.
Moreover, penicillin is the other invention that is associated with the World War. Pringle (4) states that penicillin was first discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming but its potential or capability was demonstrated by Howard Florey and a group of scientific researchers making it gain massive popularity during the conflicts. The United States war production Board developed a plan that would enable bulk supply of penicillin to Allied forces in Europe (Quinn). Consequently, by 1944, over two million doses of penicillin had been produced for distribution and its effects were significant since it was associated with saving over 14% of causalities (Mailer and Barbara np).
The Contemporary World
The contemporary world is believed to be have seen an accelerated rate in terms of inventions and re-inventions of science and technology than any other period. The modern world has seen all industries embrace technology and it has facilitated automation of most machinery and activities we pursue on a daily basis. Numerous technological firms have come up different technological hardware and software, and they include Microsoft, Apple, and IBM. Notably, in 1971, IBM introduced a memory disk, which was famously known as a floppy disk (O’Reagan 79). The floppy desk was used to read computer data that was written on the surface of the disk, and it could handle 100kbs of data. Later in 1976, Alan Shugart developed a 5 ¼ flexible disk meant for Wang Laboratories. Wang laboratories led to the idea of making the drive since they wanted smaller floppy disks to be used by their desktop computers. These developments resulted in over ten different companies making the 5 ¼ disks that would store on average over 1.2 megabytes of data. Moreover, Sony, which is a reputable technological devices manufacturer developed 3 ½ floppy disks that stored data from 400 kilobytes, 720 kilobytes, and later 1.44 megabytes. The inventions by IBM and Sony resulted in more developments in the storage of data, and this has resulted to the production of the current recordable compact disks, DVDs, flash drives, and cloud computing.
Additionally, the discovery of the computer printer is a critical innovation in the contemporary world. The timeline for the invention of printers can be traced back to 1938 when Chester Carlson conceived the printing process referred to electrophotography typically known as a Xerox. This development advanced further when an extremely fast printer was devised by Remington-Rand to be used on the Univac computer. Other developments in computer printing can be traced to the IBM 3800 in 1976 and the LaserJet 4 by Hewlett-Packard in 1992. One of the major and groundbreaking inventions of the contemporary world is the development of Microsoft Windows whose announcement came on 10th of November 1983. Microsoft Windows became a revolutionary next-generation operating system that offers a fantastic graphical user interface and multitasking platform for IBM computers. Bill Gates, the developer of Microsoft Windows faced competition from other operating system developers such as IBM who were more interested in creating and seeing their operating system to materialize that was known as Top View (Klooster 582). However, Microsoft was able to beat its competitors to become one of the best Software Company that saw its products and services embraced by many people across the globe.
Evidently, scientific and technological inventions in the world have undergone numerous phases. Consequently, the technological and scientific innovations that we are currently enjoying in the modern world have been inspired by various activities and events that have happened since the 1700s. With the current state of science and technology rapidly advancing, it can be difficult to predict the state of affairs in the next century, and it demonstrates that automation and revolution will not end anytime soon.

Works Cited
Clark, Gregory. “The British Industrial Revolution, 1760–1860.” University of California Davis (2005).
Evans, Eric J. The forging of the modern state: early industrial Britain, 1783-1870. Routledge, 2014.
Klooster, John W. Icons of Invention: the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates. ABC-CLIO, 2009.
Marks, Robert. The origins of the modern world: Fate and fortune in the rise of the West. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
O’Regan, Gerard. A brief history of computing. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
Pringle, Peter. Experiment Eleven: deceit and betrayal in the discovery of the cure for tuberculosis. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012.
Quinn, Roswell. “Rethinking antibiotic research and development: World War II and the penicillin collaborative.” American journal of public health 103.3 (2013): 426-434.
Mailer, John S., and Barbara Mason. “Penicillin: Medicine’s Wartime Wonder Drug And Its Production At Peoria, Illinois.” Lib.Niu.Edu, HYPERLINK “http://www.lib.niu.edu/2001/iht810139.html” http://www.lib.niu.edu/2001/iht810139.html.